Suggested answers for case study 6


Character H may have evolved as shown to the right (there are other possibilities!). In this tree, character state 3 is seen to be a homoplasy, acquired independently in two lineages.

Distribution of cladogram lengths

The distribution of cladogram lengths has a long tail to the left, showing that there are relatively few 'almost shortest' trees. This is good, though it is debated how much weight one should put on it.

Bootstrap analysis

The clade consisting of Centropleura and Clarella, and the one containing Anopolenus in addition, are well supported. The other clades are less well supported. The clade excluding the outgroup has a bootstrap support of 100 percent by definition.