Figure 4. Morphological model of Pachyrhachis problematicus simulating effects of crushing: (4.1) Uncrushed state, and (4.2) crushed state. 4.3-4.9, oblique (top) and dorsal (bottom) views of taphonomic simulation: 4.3, uncrushed state; 4.4, initial collapse of dentaries and quadrates; 4.5-4.9, progressive crushing and leftward rotation of snout relative to the braincase due to right dentary underlying right portion of snout, counterclockwise rotation of quadrates, dorsal portion of postorbitals displaced laterally, and the ventral portion of postorbitals following the position of the anterior ectopterygoids; 4.10, isosurface model of current crushed state based on CT data (of HUJ-PAL 3659) for comparison to crushed simulation. Note final resting position of ventral portion of postorbital relative to anterior ectopterygoids; see also Appendix 4 for animation of crushing sequence. The degree of gape in the uncrushed state is subjective; however, the position of anterior tips of dentaries as preserved indicate their relatively close proximity anteriorly and the relationship of the mandibles to the quadrate constrains them posteriorly, suggesting the mandibles were more or less in life position as the carcass came to rest.