ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

JWM thanks the University of Southampton for research facilities and the Natural History Museum, London, for long-term visitor status, which allows access to their facilities, collections and libraries. Thanks also to C. Jones for his help with access to the foraminiferal collections. Part of this study was carried out during the tenure of a Leverhulme Emeritus Fellowship (JWM). We thank T. Cedhagen (Aarhus University, Denmark) for providing reference material from the Höglund Collection. The NERC Earth Observation Data Acquisition and Analysis Service, NEODAAS, Plymouth, is thanked for supplying satellite imagery of primary production. JWM thanks Barry Marsh (Southampton) for introducing him to the basics of Photoshop.