TABLE 1. Types of kinesis defined in lepidosaurs. Based mainly on Schwenk (2000), Metzger (2002) and Evans (2008).
 
 

Type of kinesis

Action

Relevant joints potentially involved
 or modified

 

Metakinesis

Movement of the viscerocranium and dermatocranium relative to the braincase.

pterygoid-basisphenoid,

parietal-supraoccipital,

squamosal-opisthotic,

epipterygoid-prootic,

epipterygoid-parietal

 

Streptostyly

Anteroposterior movements of the quadrate relative to the rest of the skull.

quadrate-squamosal,

quadrate-pterygoid,

quadrate-supratemporal,

quadrate(quadratojugal)-jugal

quadrate-quadratojugal

 

Pleurokinesis

Mediolateral movements of the quadrate relative to the rest of the skull.

quadrate-squamosal,

quadrate-pterygoid,

quadrate-supratemporal,

quadrate(quadratojugal)-jugal

quadrate-quadratojugal

 

Mesokinesis

Dorsoventral flexion of the skull roof (probably not possible without hypokinesis).

frontal-parietal,

frontal-postfrontal,

postfrontal-postorbital,

frontal-postorbital,

and also other joints of the dermatocranium such as the

ectopterygoid-pterygoid

 

Hypokinesis

Dorsoventral flexion of the palate (probably not possibly without mesokinesis).

palatine-pterygoid suture,

ectopterygoid suture,

 

Amphikinesis

Mesokinesis and metakinesis.

As listed above for mesokinesis and metakinesis