TABLE 1.Radiocarbon dates (uncalibrated) for bones from various layers at the Ba site in Emine Bair Khosar Cave (Stankovic et al.,2011; A. Nadachowski, K. Stefaniak, and B. Ridush, personal commun. 2011).
|
Layer |
Laboratory no. |
Material |
Depth (m) |
Radiocarbon date |
|
E |
Poz-28732 |
Bone (Cervus elaphus) |
1.65 |
12,050 ± 60 BP |
|
G |
Poz-35028 (sample J24) |
Bone (Cervus elaphus) |
2.40 |
33,100 ± 400 BP |
|
H |
Poz-35027 (sample JM1) |
Tooth (Cervus elaphus) |
3.20 |
42,000 ± 1,200 BP |
|
Deepest part of profile |
Poz-28893 |
Bone (Saiga tatarica) |
4.60 |
48,500 ± 2,000 BP |
|
Deepest part of profile |
Poz-35026 (sample J46) |
Bone (Cervus elaphus) |
4.60 |
>47,000 BP |
|
Deepest part of profile |
Poz-28731 |
Bone (Cervus elaphus) |
4.70 |
>46,000 BP |
TABLE 2.Dental characteristics of different equid lineages (Alimen, 1946; Eisenmann, 1980, 1981, 2010; Eisenmann and Baryshnikov, 1994; Smit 1996; Baxter, 1998; Eisenmann and Mashkour, 1999; Burke et al., 2003; Orlando et al., 2006; Forstén, 1999).
|
Upper cheek teeth |
|||||
|
Trait |
Sussemiones |
Equus hydruntinus |
Caballoids (true horses) |
Zebroids (zebras) |
Stenonids (asses, hemiones) |
|
Pli caballin |
Multiple and/or large base, sometimes club-shaped |
Infrequent, much reduced |
Frequent |
Frequent |
Infrequent |
|
Enamel |
Often highly plicated |
Fossettes small and simple |
Plicated |
Plicated |
Simple |
|
Protocone |
Very short |
Triangular, short |
Long, narrow |
Triangular, short |
Oval, short |
|
Lower cheek teeth |
|||||
|
Trait |
Sussemiones |
Equus hydruntinus |
Caballoids (true horses) |
Zebroids (zebras) |
Stenonids (asses, hemiones) |
|
First incisor |
|
Often lacks infundibulum |
|
|
|
|
Ectostylid |
Present; sometimes isolated |
|
Frequent |
Intermediate frequency |
Infrequent |
|
Protostylid |
Frequent on p2; sometimes extremely developed on p3-m3 |
Absent on p2 |
Infrequent |
Infrequent |
Infrequent |
|
Double knot |
Resembles hemiones; elongated, sometimes bilobated metaconid |
Metastylid can be angular |
Angular or triangular |
Asymmetrical |
Asymmetrical |
|
Buccal wall of protoconid and hypoconid |
|
Rounded |
Flat |
Rounded |
|
|
Lingual valley |
Shallow |
V-shaped |
U-shaped |
V-shaped |
V-shaped |
|
Vestibular groove |
Frequently deep on molars and some premolars, but very variable |
Deep, especially on molars |
Intermediate depth |
Deep, especially on molars |
Shallow |
