TABLE 1. Experimental parameters and resulting burrow morphologies. SR: subvertical ramp, UB: U-shaped burrow, HB: helical burrow, MW: mazework, XL: cross lamination. Sediment density values are in kgf/cm2. Sediment depths are in cm. Sediment moisture values are in percent total volume.
|
Tank Size |
Sediment Composition |
Sediment Depth |
Sediment Density |
Sediment Moisture |
Burrow Architecture |
|
10 |
75-25% clay-sand |
20 |
2.1-3.2 |
0 |
None |
|
10 |
50-50% clay-sand |
20 |
1.1-1.4 |
0 |
None |
|
10 |
25-75% clay-sand |
20 |
0.4-0.7 |
0 |
XL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
75-25% clay-sand |
20 |
2.1-3.2 |
20 |
SR, UB, HB, MW |
|
10 |
50-50% clay-sand |
20 |
1.1-1.4 |
20 |
SR, UB |
|
10 |
25-75% clay-sand |
20 |
0.4-0.7 |
20 |
SR |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
75-25% clay-sand |
20 |
2.1-3.2 |
50 |
SR, UB, HB, MW |
|
10 |
50-50% clay-sand |
20 |
1.1-1.4 |
50 |
SR, UB |
|
10 |
25-75% clay-sand |
20 |
0.4-0.7 |
50 |
SR |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
75-25% clay-sand |
35 |
2.1-3.2 |
0 |
None |
|
20 |
50-50% clay-sand |
35 |
1.1-1.4 |
0 |
None |
|
20 |
25-75% clay-sand |
35 |
0.4-0.7 |
0 |
XL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
75-25% clay-sand |
35 |
2.1-3.2 |
20 |
SR, UB, HB, MW |
|
20 |
50-50% clay-sand |
35 |
1.1-1.4 |
20 |
SR, UB |
|
20 |
25-75% clay-sand |
35 |
0.4-0.7 |
20 |
SR |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
75-25% clay-sand |
35 |
2.1-3.2 |
50 |
SR, UB, HB, MW |
|
20 |
50-50% clay-sand |
35 |
1.1-1.4 |
50 |
SR, UB |
|
20 |
25-75% clay-sand |
35 |
0.4-0.7 |
50 |
SR |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56 |
75-25% clay-sand |
55 |
2.1-3.2 |
0 |
None |
|
56 |
50-50% clay-sand |
55 |
1.1-1.4 |
0 |
None |
|
56 |
25-75% clay-sand |
55 |
0.4-0.7 |
0 |
XL |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56 |
75-25% clay-sand |
55 |
2.1-3.2 |
20 |
SR, UB, HB, MW |
|
56 |
50-50% clay-sand |
55 |
1.1-1.4 |
20 |
SR, UB |
|
56 |
25-75% clay-sand |
55 |
0.4-0.7 |
20 |
SR |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56 |
75-25% clay-sand |
55 |
2.1-3.2 |
50 |
SR, UB, HB, MW |
|
56 |
50-50% clay-sand |
55 |
1.1-1.4 |
50 |
SR, UB |
|
56 |
25-75% clay-sand |
55 |
0.4-0.7 |
50 |
SR |
TABLE 2. Measurements of representative three dimensional casts of burrows produced by Hadrurus arizonensis (DHS), Pandinus imperator (ES), and Mastigoproctus giganteus(WS). All measurements are in cm.
|
|
DHS1 |
DHS2 |
DHS3 |
DHS4 |
DHS5 |
DHS6 |
DHS7 |
DHS8 |
DHS9 |
|
Architecture |
SR |
SR |
HB |
MW |
MW |
SR |
HB |
MW |
UB |
|
Surface openings |
1 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
|
Maximum depth |
3.9 |
2.8 |
7.2 |
7.4 |
6.7 |
4.3 |
4.6 |
8.4 |
8.0 |
|
Total length |
11 |
9 |
27 |
57 |
46 |
7 |
13 |
31 |
30 |
|
Maximum width |
4.3 |
6.0 |
7.7 |
4.6 |
6.4 |
5.9 |
3.3 |
7.2 |
4.2 |
|
Minimum width |
3.2 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
1.9 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.9 |
3.0 |
|
Average width |
3.9 |
4.8 |
4.5 |
3.6 |
4.2 |
4.2 |
3.1 |
4.7 |
3.6 |
|
Maximum height |
2.8 |
1.9 |
3.2 |
2.3 |
3.1 |
1.6 |
1.4 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
|
Minimum height |
1.0 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
1.4 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
|
Average height |
1.9 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
1.0 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
|
Average W/H ratio |
2.1 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
3.0 |
3.1 |
2.5 |
1.7 |
|
Maximum circumference |
12.1 |
14.0 |
18.0 |
14.5 |
17.0 |
11.5 |
10.5 |
16.0 |
11.5 |
|
Minimum circumference |
10.0 |
11.2 |
6.5 |
9.5 |
10.5 |
6.0 |
8.5 |
9.5 |
10.5 |
|
Average circumference |
11.2 |
12.7 |
14.5 |
13.1 |
12.2 |
9.4 |
9.0 |
12.3 |
11.3 |
|
Maximum slope |
40° |
10° |
30° |
50° |
90° |
30° |
40° |
50° |
90° |
|
Minimum slope |
0° |
0° |
0° |
0° |
0° |
0° |
0° |
0° |
0° |
|
Average slope |
20° |
5° |
15° |
27° |
37° |
15° |
20° |
30° |
45° |
|
Branching angles |
NA |
NA |
NA |
75 |
75 |
NA |
NA |
70 |
NA |
|
Complexity |
3 |
3 |
3 |
9 |
9 |
3 |
3 |
7 |
4 |
|
Tortuosity |
1.1 |
1.1 |
9.0 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
1.1 |
3.3 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
|
Sediment Density |
L |
L |
H |
H |
H |
L |
H |
H |
M |
TABLE 2 (continued).
|
|
DHS10 |
DHS11 |
DHS12 |
DHS13 |
DHS14 |
DHS15 |
DHS16 |
DHS17 |
ES1 |
WS1 |
|
Architecture |
SR |
SR |
SR |
SR |
SR |
HB |
SR |
SR |
HB |
MW |
|
Surface openings |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
|
Maximum depth |
3.0 |
4.2 |
3.4 |
4.0 |
4.2 |
16.0 |
5.3 |
6.8 |
12.5 |
12.4 |
|
Total length |
16 |
11 |
19 |
19 |
23 |
76 |
37 |
26 |
36 |
66 |
|
Maximum width |
5.2 |
4.4 |
6.5 |
4.9 |
6.7 |
5.3 |
6.2 |
5.4 |
12.0 |
6.2 |
|
Minimum width |
3.8 |
4.1 |
4.2 |
3.1 |
4.1 |
3.7 |
3.1 |
4.0 |
7.9 |
3.7 |
|
Average width |
4.4 |
4.3 |
5.2 |
4.1 |
4.9 |
4.5 |
4.8 |
4.9 |
9.7 |
4.6 |
|
Maximum height |
2.1 |
2.0 |
3.3 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
3.3 |
2.8 |
2.2 |
5.1 |
2.0 |
|
Minimum height |
1.3 |
0.9 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
2.8 |
1.7 |
|
Average height |
1.8 |
1.6 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
1.7 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
1.8 |
3.9 |
1.9 |
|
Average W/H ratio |
2.4 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
2.9 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
|
Maximum circumference |
13.6 |
11.2 |
16.5 |
13.0 |
15.5 |
14.0 |
15.0 |
13.0 |
27.0 |
14.5 |
|
Minimum circumference |
9.7 |
6.8 |
11.5 |
9.9 |
10.5 |
10.0 |
11.0 |
11.5 |
20.5 |
9.0 |
|
Average circumference |
11.9 |
10.0 |
13.9 |
11.5 |
12.5 |
17.3 |
12.9 |
12.6 |
23.8 |
11.3 |
|
Maximum slope |
10° |
40° |
10° |
20° |
20° |
30° |
20° |
20° |
40° |
80° |
|
Minimum slope |
0° |
0° |
0° |
0° |
0° |
0° |
0° |
0° |
0° |
0° |
|
Average slope |
5° |
20° |
5° |
10° |
10° |
13° |
10° |
8° |
20° |
45° |
|
Branching angles |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
65 |
NA |
NA |
80 |
|
Complexity |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
10 |
|
Tortuosity |
1.3 |
1.5 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
3.3 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
1.4 |
|
Sediment Density |
M |
L |
M |
M |
M |
H |
H |
M |
NA |
NA |
TABLE 3. Bray Curtis Similarity measure results. 1. Comparison matrix of all burrow casts. 2. Comparison matrix of subvertical ramps. 3. Comparison matrix of mazeworks. 4. Comparison matrix of helical burrows. DHS: Hadrurus arizonensis, ES: Pandinus imperator, WS: Mastigoproctus giganteus, SR: subvertical ramp, UB: U-shaped burrow, HB: helical burrow, MW: mazework (PDF format).
TABLE 4. Spearman's rank order analysis results comparing eight quantitative burrow properties (X) with sediment density (Y). Sediment density is ranked from 1 (0.4–0.7 kgf/cm2), 2 (1.1–1.4 kgf/cm2), and 3 (2.1–3.2 kgf/cm2).
|
1. Complexity vs. Sediment Density |
|
2. Tortuosity vs. Sediment Density |
||||||||
|
Raw Score |
|
|
Rank |
|
|
Raw Score |
|
|
Rank |
|
|
X |
Y |
|
X |
Y |
|
X |
Y |
|
X |
Y |
|
3 |
3 |
|
6.5 |
14 |
|
9 |
3 |
|
17 |
14 |
|
9 |
3 |
|
16.5 |
14 |
|
1.4 |
3 |
|
11 |
14 |
|
9 |
3 |
|
16.5 |
14 |
|
1.8 |
3 |
|
13.5 |
14 |
|
3 |
3 |
|
6.5 |
14 |
|
3.3 |
3 |
|
15.5 |
14 |
|
7 |
3 |
|
15 |
14 |
|
1.1 |
3 |
|
3 |
14 |
|
3 |
3 |
|
6.5 |
14 |
|
3.3 |
3 |
|
15.5 |
14 |
|
4 |
3 |
|
13.5 |
14 |
|
1.4 |
3 |
|
11 |
14 |
|
4 |
2 |
|
13.5 |
7.5 |
|
1.3 |
2 |
|
8.5 |
7.5 |
|
3 |
2 |
|
6.5 |
7.5 |
|
1.3 |
2 |
|
8.5 |
7.5 |
|
3 |
2 |
|
6.5 |
7.5 |
|
1.1 |
2 |
|
3 |
7.5 |
|
3 |
2 |
|
6.5 |
7.5 |
|
1.2 |
2 |
|
6.5 |
7.5 |
|
3 |
2 |
|
6.5 |
7.5 |
|
1.4 |
2 |
|
11 |
7.5 |
|
3 |
2 |
|
6.5 |
7.5 |
|
1.2 |
2 |
|
6.5 |
7.5 |
|
3 |
1 |
|
6.5 |
2.5 |
|
1.1 |
1 |
|
3 |
2.5 |
|
3 |
1 |
|
6.5 |
2.5 |
|
1.1 |
1 |
|
3 |
2.5 |
|
3 |
1 |
|
6.5 |
2.5 |
|
1.1 |
1 |
|
3 |
2.5 |
|
3 |
1 |
|
6.5 |
2.5 |
|
1.5 |
1 |
|
13.5 |
2.5 |
|
|
Rs=0.54 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rs=0.58 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. Circumference vs. Sediment Density |
|
4. Total Length vs. Sediment Density |
||||||||
|
Raw Score |
|
|
Rank |
|
|
Raw Score |
|
|
Rank |
|
|
X |
Y |
|
X |
Y |
|
X |
Y |
|
X |
Y |
|
15 |
3 |
|
16 |
14 |
|
27 |
3 |
|
11 |
14 |
|
13.1 |
3 |
|
14 |
14 |
|
57 |
3 |
|
16 |
14 |
|
12.2 |
3 |
|
8 |
14 |
|
46 |
3 |
|
15 |
14 |
|
9 |
3 |
|
1 |
14 |
|
13 |
3 |
|
5 |
14 |
|
12.3 |
3 |
|
9 |
14 |
|
31 |
3 |
|
13 |
14 |
|
17.3 |
3 |
|
17 |
14 |
|
76 |
3 |
|
17 |
14 |
|
12.9 |
3 |
|
13 |
14 |
|
37 |
3 |
|
14 |
14 |
|
11 |
2 |
|
4 |
7.5 |
|
30 |
2 |
|
12 |
7.5 |
|
11.9 |
2 |
|
7 |
7.5 |
|
16 |
2 |
|
6 |
7.5 |
|
13.9 |
2 |
|
15 |
7.5 |
|
19 |
2 |
|
7.5 |
7.5 |
|
11.5 |
2 |
|
6 |
7.5 |
|
19 |
2 |
|
7.5 |
7.5 |
|
12.5 |
2 |
|
10 |
7.5 |
|
23 |
2 |
|
9 |
7.5 |
|
12.6 |
2 |
|
11 |
7.5 |
|
26 |
2 |
|
10 |
7.5 |
|
11.2 |
1 |
|
5 |
2.5 |
|
11 |
1 |
|
3.5 |
2.5 |
|
12.7 |
1 |
|
12 |
2.5 |
|
9 |
1 |
|
2 |
2.5 |
|
9.4 |
1 |
|
2 |
2.5 |
|
7 |
1 |
|
1 |
2.5 |
|
10 |
1 |
|
3 |
2.5 |
|
11 |
1 |
|
3.5 |
2.5 |
|
|
Rs=0.44 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rs=0.82 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. Maximum Width vs. Sediment Density |
|
6. Maximum Height vs. Sediment Density |
||||||||
|
Raw Score |
|
|
Rank |
|
|
Raw Score |
|
|
Rank |
|
|
X |
Y |
|
X |
Y |
|
X |
Y |
|
X |
Y |
|
7.7 |
3 |
|
17 |
14 |
|
3.2 |
3 |
|
15 |
14 |
|
4.6 |
3 |
|
5 |
14 |
|
2.3 |
3 |
|
7.5 |
14 |
|
6.4 |
3 |
|
13 |
14 |
|
3.1 |
3 |
|
14 |
14 |
|
3.3 |
3 |
|
1 |
14 |
|
1.4 |
3 |
|
1 |
14 |
|
7.2 |
3 |
|
16 |
14 |
|
2.6 |
3 |
|
10.5 |
14 |
|
5.3 |
3 |
|
8 |
14 |
|
3.3 |
3 |
|
16.5 |
14 |
|
6.2 |
3 |
|
12 |
14 |
|
2.8 |
3 |
|
12.5 |
14 |
|
4.2 |
2 |
|
2 |
7.5 |
|
2.5 |
2 |
|
9 |
7.5 |
|
5.2 |
2 |
|
7 |
7.5 |
|
2.1 |
2 |
|
5 |
7.5 |
|
6.5 |
2 |
|
14 |
7.5 |
|
3.3 |
2 |
|
16.5 |
7.5 |
|
4.9 |
2 |
|
6 |
7.5 |
|
2.6 |
2 |
|
10.5 |
7.5 |
|
6.7 |
2 |
|
15 |
7.5 |
|
2.3 |
2 |
|
7.5 |
7.5 |
|
5.4 |
2 |
|
9 |
7.5 |
|
2.2 |
2 |
|
6 |
7.5 |
|
4.3 |
1 |
|
3 |
2.5 |
|
2.8 |
1 |
|
12.5 |
2.5 |
|
6 |
1 |
|
11 |
2.5 |
|
1.9 |
1 |
|
3 |
2.5 |
|
5.9 |
1 |
|
10 |
2.5 |
|
1.6 |
1 |
|
2 |
2.5 |
|
4.4 |
1 |
|
4 |
2.5 |
|
2 |
1 |
|
4 |
2.5 |
|
|
Rs=0.26 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rs=0.43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7. Maximum Depth vs. Sediment Density |
|
8. Average Slope vs. Sediment Density |
||||||||
|
Raw Score |
|
|
Rank |
|
|
Raw Score |
|
|
Rank |
|
|
X |
Y |
|
X |
Y |
|
X |
Y |
|
X |
Y |
|
7.2 |
3 |
|
13 |
14 |
|
15 |
3 |
|
9.5 |
14 |
|
7.4 |
3 |
|
14 |
14 |
|
27 |
3 |
|
14 |
14 |
|
6.7 |
3 |
|
11 |
14 |
|
37 |
3 |
|
16 |
14 |
|
4.6 |
3 |
|
9 |
14 |
|
20 |
3 |
|
12 |
14 |
|
8.4 |
3 |
|
16 |
14 |
|
30 |
3 |
|
15 |
14 |
|
16 |
3 |
|
17 |
14 |
|
13 |
3 |
|
8 |
14 |
|
5.3 |
3 |
|
10 |
14 |
|
10 |
3 |
|
6 |
14 |
|
8 |
2 |
|
15 |
7.5 |
|
45 |
2 |
|
17 |
7.5 |
|
3 |
2 |
|
2 |
7.5 |
|
5 |
2 |
|
2 |
7.5 |
|
3.4 |
2 |
|
3 |
7.5 |
|
5 |
2 |
|
2 |
7.5 |
|
4 |
2 |
|
5 |
7.5 |
|
10 |
2 |
|
6 |
7.5 |
|
4.2 |
2 |
|
6.5 |
7.5 |
|
10 |
2 |
|
6 |
7.5 |
|
6.8 |
2 |
|
12 |
7.5 |
|
8 |
2 |
|
4 |
7.5 |
|
3.9 |
1 |
|
4 |
2.5 |
|
20 |
1 |
|
12 |
2.5 |
|
2.8 |
1 |
|
1 |
2.5 |
|
5 |
1 |
|
2 |
2.5 |
|
4.3 |
1 |
|
8 |
2.5 |
|
15 |
1 |
|
9.5 |
2.5 |
|
4.2 |
1 |
|
6.5 |
2.5 |
|
20 |
1 |
|
12 |
2.5 |
|
|
Rs=0.68 |
|
|
|
|
|
Rs=0.31 |
|
|
|
