Appendix 1 - Taxa and Specimen Resource List
The following is a list of taxa analyzed and compared in this study, with references to descriptive papers used in the analysis of each.
Outgroup:
Lesothosaurus diagnosticus Galton, 1978–Thulborn (1970, 1972), Santa Luca (1984), Weishampel and Witmer (1990a), Sereno (1991a), Norman, (2004)
Basal Ornithopod Taxa:
Hypsilophodon foxii Huxley, 1869–Galton (1974a), Norman (2004)
Parksosaurus warreni Parks, 1926–Parks (1926), Sternberg (1940), Galton (1973)
Thescelosaurus neglectus Gilmore, 1913–Gilmore (1913), Gilmore (1915), Sternberg (1940), Galton (1974b, 1995, 1997), Norman et al. (2004)
Basal Iguanodontian Taxa:
Camptosaurus dispar (Marsh, 1879)–Marsh (1879), Gilmore (1909), Norman (2004)
Cumnoria prestwichii Hulke 1880–Hulke (1880), Galton and Powell (1980), Norman (2004)
Dryosaurus altus (Marsh, 1878)–Marsh (1878), Galton (1983), Norman (2004)
Eolambia caroljonesa Kirkland, 1998–Kirkland (1998), Head (2001), Norman (2004), McDonald et al. (2012)
Iguanodon bernissartensis Boulenger, 1881–Boulenger (1881), Norman (1980), Norman (2004)
Jinzhousaurus yangi Wang and Xu, 2001–Wang and Xu (2001), Barrett et al., (2009), Wang et al. (2011)
Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis (Hooley, 1925)–Hooley (1925), Norman (1986), Norman (2004)
Ouranosaurus nigeriensis Taquet, 1976–Taquet (1976), Norman (2004)
Tenontosaurus dossi Winkler et al., 1997–Winkler et al. (1997), Norman (2004)
Tenontosaurus tilletti Ostrom, 1970–Ostrom (1970), Forster (1990), OMNH 58340 (subadult, primary specimen), OMNH 2531 (juvenile), OMNH 16562 (subadult, skull transversely compressed, palpebral), OMNH 34191 (premaxilla)
Zalmoxes robustus (Nopcsa, 1900)–Nopcsa (1900), Weishampel et al. (2003), Norman (2004)
Hadrosauroid Taxa:
Corythosaurus casuarius Brown, 1914–Brown (1914, 1916), Ostrom (1961), Horner et al. (2004)
Edmontosaurus regalis Lambe 1917–Lambe (1917), Lull and Wright (1942), Norman (2004), Horner et al. (2004)
Probactrosaurus gobiensis Rozhdestvensky, 1966–Rozhdestvensky (1966), Norman (2002), Norman (2004)
Protohadros byrdi Head, 1998–Head (1998), Norman (2004)
Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus (Nopcsa, 1900)–Nopcsa (1900), Nopcsa (1903), Weishampel et al. (1993), Horner et al. (2004)
Appendix 2 - Character Description
The following is a list of character states used in this analysis. States were determined independently, but similarities with previously published analyses (Norman, 2004; McDonald et al., 2010) have been noted.
Facial Characters:
1. Presence of nasal contact with the maxilla and reason for exclusion of contact (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 6):
1:0. Contact
1:1. No contact due to an anterior extension of the lachrymal
1:2. No contact due to a posterior extension of the premaxilla
2. Character of the occlusal margin of the premaxilla (Modified from McDonald et al., 2010: Character 33):
2:0. Smooth
2:1. Denticulate
2:2. Scooped, possibly to accommodate the denticles of the predentary
3. Premaxillary teeth (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 3; McDonald et al., 2010: Character 29):
3:0. Present
3:1. Absent
4. Posterior extent of the nasal process of the premaxilla:
4:0. Does not reach antorbital fenestra
4:1. Reaches antorbital fenestra or, if no fenestra present, posterior border of dorsal process of maxilla
5. Beak position relative to tooth row (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 2):
5:0. At level
5:1. Below
6. Width of combined frontals compared to length (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 15):
6:0. About 2/3 length of frontal
6:1. About equal to length of frontal
6:2. Twice length of frontal
7. Transverse length of frontals' suture with parietal:
7:0. About equal with combined width of frontals
7:1. About two-thirds combined width of frontals
7:2. About half combined width of frontals
7:3. About one-third combined width of frontals
8. Frontal contribution to dorsal orbital rim (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 16; McDonald et al., 2010: Character 68):
8:0. More than half
8:1. Less than half
8:2. Does not contribute
9. Triangular process of the parietal:
9:0. Present
9:1. Absent
10. Ratio of axial lengths of the frontal and the nasal:
10:0. Roughly equal in length
10:1. Nasal is one and one half times length of the frontal
10:2. Nasal is twice length of the frontal
10:3. Nasal is three times length of the frontal
10:4. Nasal is four times length of the frontal
11. Position of nasal contribution to the border of the external naris:
11:0. Posterodorsal border
11:1. Dorsal border
11:2. Does not contribute
12. Nature of the articulation of the nasal, frontal, and prefrontal:
12:0. Nasal overlaps frontal, overlapped by prefrontal
12:1. Nasal overlaps frontal
12:2. Nasal has transverse suture with frontal
12:3. Frontal overlaps nasal
13. Nature of the articulation of the premaxillae with the nasals:
13:0. Nasal processes wedge between nasals
13:1. Nasal overlapped by nasal process of premaxilla
13:2. Tip to tip
13:3. Nasals lie in beveled grooves in lateral surface of nasal processes of premaxilla
13:4. Nasals overlap nasal processes of premaxilla
13:5. Nasal processes split into dorsal and ventral branches, which overlap the nasals
14. Supratemporal fensestra imprints frontal:
14:0. Present
14:1. Absent
15. Lateral suture of the laterosphenoid with the:
15:0. Frontal and postorbital
15:1. Postorbital only
15:2. Frontal only
16. Rugose lateral edge of the postorbital:
16:0. Absent
16:1. Present
17. Parietal contact with the postorbital:
17:0. Present
17:1. Absent
18. Ectopterygoid articulation with the palatine:
18:0. Present
18:1. Absent
19. Ectopterygoid articulation with the jugal (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 14; McDonald et al., 2010: Character 53):
19:0. Present
19:1. Absent
20. Jugal articulation with the quadrate:
20:0. Absent
20:1. Present
21. Ventral lobe of the jugal (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 13; McDonald et al., 2010: Character 56):
21:0. Absent
21:1. Present
22. Jugal extends farthest posteriorly in the:
22:0. Quadratojugal process
22:1. Postorbital process
23. Accessory foramen in the quadratojugal (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 17; McDonald et al., 2010: Character 58):
23:0. Absent
23:1. Present
24. Enclosure of the quadratojugal by the jugal:
24:0. None
24:1. Dorsal
24:2. Dorsal and ventral
25. Quadrate foramen:
25:0. Absent
25:1. Present
26. Quadratojugal size (relative to quadratojugal process of jugal):
26:0. Reduced
26:1. Large
27. Position of the contribution of the lachrymal to the orbital border:
27:0. Anteroventral corner
27:1. Anterior border
27:2. Middle anterior border
28. Contact of the nasal with the lachrymal (Modified from McDonald et al., 2010: Character 50):
28:0. Present
28:1. Absent
29. Shape of the medial lamina of the palatine:
29:0. Fan
29:1. Rectangle
29:2. Triangle
30. Maxillary tooth family count along a single side
31. Maxillary diastema:
31:0. Absent
31:1. Present
32. Lateral process of the maxilla for articulation with the jugal:
32:0. Absent
32:1. Present
33. Jugal articulation with the maxilla:
33:0. Posterior on the latter element
33:1. Displaced forward on the latter element
34. Prefrontal contact with the premaxilla (Modified from McDonald et al., 2010: Character 37):
34:0. Absent
34:1. Present
35. Position of the prefrontal contact with the nasal:
35:0. Anteromedially
35:1. Dorsally
36. Pterygoid contact with the shaft of the quadrate:
36:0. Absent
36:1. Present
37. Quadrate notch (Modified from McDonald et al., 2010: Character 61):
37:0. Absent
37:1. Present
38. Transversely wide ventral quadratic condyle (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 18; McDonald et al., 2010: Character 64):
38:0. Present
38:1. Absent
39. “Hamalar” process of the head of the quadrate:
39:0. Absent
39:1. Present
40. Contact between paired squamosals on the midline (Modified from McDonald et al., 2010: Character 67):
40:0. Absent
40:1. Present
41. Lateral visibility of anterior process of squamosal:
41:0. Largely obscured
41:1. Prominent across intertemporal bar
Neurocranial Characters:
42. Shape of occipital condyle:
42:0. Subspherical
42:1. Flattened/reniform
43. Supraoccipital participation in the foramen magnum (Modified from McDonald et al., 2010: Character 69):
43:0. Present
43:1. Absent, due to the exoccipital
44. Shape of the cultriform process of the parasphenoid in ventral aspect:
44:0. Elongate
44:1. Triangular
45. Outline shape of the parietal in dorsal aspect:
45:0. Rectangular
45:1. Triangular
46. Ratio of length to the width of the parietal:
46:0. 1:1
46:1. 1.5:1
46:2. 1:1.5
46:3. 1:2
47. Pronounced sagittal crest of the parietal:
47:0. Absent
47:1. Present
48. Interparietal Eminence:
48:0. Present
48:1. Absent
49. Parietal/prootic contact:
49:0. Present
49:1. Absent
50. Crista prootica is comprised of:
50:0. Laterosphenoid/prootic/opisthotic
50:1. Prootic/opisthotic
Mandibular Characters:
51. Dentary diastema (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 20; McDonald et al., 2010: Character 9):
51:0. Absent
51:1. Present
52. Posteroventral corner of the dentary extends behind coronoid process:
52:0. Absent
52:1. Present
53. Dentary symphysis:
53:0. Set level with tooth row
53:1. Set below tooth row
54. Dorsoventral borders of dentary (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 22; McDonald et al., 2010: Character 15):
54:0. Thicker posteriorly
54:1. Parallel
54:2. Thicker anteriorly
55. Length of the dentary bearing dentition:
55:0. Full
55:1. 2/3
55:2. Half
56. Orientation of coronoid process of the mandible (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 23; McDonald et al., 2010: Character 20):
56:0. Posteriorly deflected
56:1. Vertical
56:2. Anteriorly deflected
57. Coronoid bone:
57:0. Present
57:1. Absent
58. Presence of two processes around the Meckelian canal:
58:0. Absent
58:1. Present
59. Presence of shelf between the teeth and the coronoid process (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 24):
59:0. Absent
59:1. Present
60. Axially flared coronoid process (Modified from McDonald et al., 2010: Character 21):
60:0. Absent
60:1. Present
61. Bifurcate ventral process of the predentary (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 19; McDonald et al., 2010: Character 2):
61:0. Absent
61:1. Present
62. Character of the occlusal margin of the predentary (Modified from McDonald et al., 2010: Character 4):
62:0. Smooth
62:1. Denticulate
63. Lateral visibility of the angular (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 26; McDonald et al., 2010: Character 27):
63:0. Visible
63:1. Reduced visibility
63:2. Not visible
64. Nature of articulation of the angular with the surangular (Modified from McDonald et al., 2010: Character 26):
64:0. Angular laterally overlaps surangular
64:1. Groove in ventral surangular
64:2. Angular laterally abuts surangular
65. Anterior extension of the coronoid:
65:0. Present
65:1. Absent
66. Lateral visibility of the coronoid bone:
66:0. Invisible
66:1. Largely visible
66:2. Reduced
67. Splenial coverage of the Meckelian canal:
67:0. Extensive
67:1. Posterior only
68. Presence of the prearticular:
68:0. Present
68:1. Absent
69. Number of surangular foramina (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 25; McDonald et al., 2010: Character 24):
69:0. Two
69:1. Three
69:2. One
69:3. None
70. Nature of ridges on the teeth (Modified from Norman, 2004: Character 27; McDonald et al., 2010: Characters 85, 90, 91):
70:0. Absent
70:1. Ridge on Dentary teeth
70:2. Ridge on Dentary and Maxillary Teeth
70:3. Ridge on Maxillary with reduced Dentary ridge
70:4. Ridge on Dentary with reduced Maxillary ridge
71. Dentary tooth family count along a single side
Postcranial Characters:
Taken, with modifications, from Norman, 2004.
72. Dorsal neural spines:
72:0. Low and Square
72:1. Rectangular and height more than twice width
72:2. Extremely elongate, height more than six times width
73. Sacrum:
73:0. Seven or fewer vertebrae
73:1. More than seven
74. Scapular blade:
74:0. Straight
74:1. Curved
74:2. Curved and flared distally
75. Scapular acromion:
75:0. Prominent boss on the anterior margin of the scapula
75:1. Boss is reflected laterally
76. Humerus:scapula length:
76:0. Approximately equal lengths
76:1. Scapula longer than humerus
77. Sternal shape:
77:0. Reniform
77:1. Hatchetlike
78. Carpal structure:
78:0. Fully ossified and blocklike
78:1. Reduced
79. Metacarpal I shape:
79:0. Dumbbell-like
79:1. Short and blocklike
79:2. Absent
80. Metacarpals II-IV:
80:0. Dumbbell-like and spreading
80:1. Closely appressed
80:2. Appressed, slender and elongate
81. Manus digit I:
81:0. Present
81:1. Absent
82. Manus ungual I:
82:0. Claw-like
82:1. Conical
82:2. Absent
83. Manus unguals II and III:
83:0. Claw-like
83:1. Flattened, twisted and hoof-like
83:2. Digit II claw-like, Digit III nub
84. Manus digit III:
84:0. Four phalanges
84:1. Three phalanges
85. Preacetabular process of ilium:
85:0. Long and laterally compressed
85:1. Strongly downturned
85:2. Distally twisted
86. Dorsal margin of iliac blade:
86:0. Mostly smooth edged
86:1. Strongly notched behind the ischial peduncle
87. Dorsal edge of ilium above ischial peduncle:
87:0. Not thickened and bevelled
87:1. Thickened
87:2. Everted with pendent tip
88. Ilium, postacetabular process:
88:0. Tapering posteriorly
88:1. Low and rectangular
89. Pubis, prepubic process:
89:0. Short and blunt
89:1. Elongate
90. Pubis, prepubic process:
90:0. Rod-shaped
90:1. Laterally compressed, bar-like
90:2. Short constriction and distal expansion
90:3. Deep expansion
91. Pubic shaft:
91:0. Ends adjacent to distal end of ischium
91:1. Shorter than ischium, no pubic symphysis
92. Ischium, shaft shape:
92:0. Straight
92:1. Arched dorsally
93. Ischium shaft:
93:0. Flattened in cross section
93:1. Rounded in cross section
94. Obturator process of the ischium:
94:0. Absent
94:1. Present near midshaft
94:2. Present and close to pubic peduncle
95. Tip of ischium:
95:0. Unexpanded
95:1. Axial expansion to form a boot
96. Femur:
96:0. Distal half of shaft curved posteriorly
96:1. Straight
97. Femoral fourth trochanter:
97:0. Pendent
97:1. Triangular
97:2. Crested eminence
98. Femur extensor groove:
98:0. Open shallow trough
98:1. U-shaped groove
98:2. Partially enclosed channel
98:3. Fully enclosed tunnel
99. Femur distal condyles:
99:0. Moderately expanded posteriorly
99:1. Expanded posteriorly and anteriorly
100. Metatarsal I:
100:0. Well developed and articulates with phalanges
100:1. Slender and splintlike
100:2. Absent
101. Pedal unguals:
101:0. Elongate and pointed claws
101:1. Elongate but bluntly truncated
101:2. Short, broad and crescentic with reduced or absent claw grooves
APPENDIX 3.
The following is a matrix composed of the states coded for each of 19 ingroup taxa and one outgroup taxon analyzed for each of the characters in Appendix 2. It is available in text and Excel formats.
APPENDIX 4.
The following is a collection of three-dimensional renderings of each of the elements of the skull of OMNH 58340. They are stored as stl files, which can be easily viewed using software freely available for download on the internet (e.g., by searching for "stl file viewer").
APPENDIX 5.
The following is the CT data generated for use in this study. The first section (Cranium) comprises scans of the skull, without the mandibles or disarticulated pieces. The second section (Braincase) comprises scans of the braincase section of the cranium, taken at a higher resolution than those for the rest of the skull. Finally, the third section (Miscellaneous) comprises the mandibles and other disarticulated elements (e.g., the right prefrontal and the predentary). Also included are documents detailing the scanning parameters used for each set of scans.
