Figure 6. Finite element template (1; after Goodwin and Horner 2004), mesh (2), and compressive strain results (3) for a section through the dome of a subadult pachycephalosaurine. Material properties correspond to histological zones, and a unit impact force is applied. Strain is higher overall in cancellous Zone II than in superficial and deep zones of compacta. Bone strain diminishes successively with increasing thicknesses of keratin modeled as covering the domes (4-6).