Table 1. Summary of the experimental setup (see text for details).

EXP-ID boundary conditions simulation years pCO2 CTRL-280 present-day geography present-day orography present-day vegetation present-day flux correction 200 280 ppm CTRL-360 200 360 ppm CTRL-700 200 700 ppm TORT-280 present-day geography + Paratethys palaeorography (generally low) palaeovegetation (more forests, less grasslands) present-day flux correction 200 280 ppm TORT-360 200 360 ppm TORT-460 200 460 ppm TORT-560 200 560 ppm TORT-630 200 630 ppm TORT-700 200 700 ppm TORT-200 100 200 ppm TORT-INC TORT-1000 TORT-1500 TORT-2000 (restarted from TORT-200) TORT-INC at year 900 TORT-INC at year 1400 TORT-INC at year 1900 + 2100 + 1 ppm/yr 1000 ppm 1500 ppm 2000 ppm