TABLE 1. Per limb muscle proportions for quadrupedal and bipedal models. BM - Body Mass, PCA - Physiological Cross-section Area, FL - Fibre Length, TL - Tendon Length, FD - Flexor Digitorum, ED - Extensor Digitorum. FL and TL are the same in both quadrupedal and bipedal models.
 
 


Quadruped



Biped

 
% BM (kg)
PCA (m2)
FL (m)
TL (m)
% BM (kg)
PCA (m2)
Hindlimb
Deep Dorsal Group
2.33%
0.152
0.104
0.082
3.33%
0.217

Triceps Femoris Group
1.75%
0.018
0.664
0.201
2.50%
0.026

Caudo Femoralis Group
3.50%
0.063
0.375
0.496
5.00%
0.090

Femoro Tibialis Group
1.75%
0.076
0.157
0.470
2.50%
0.108

Flexor Cruris Group
2.33%
0.030
0.521
0.289
3.33%
0.043

Gastrocnemius Lateralis + FD
1.75%
0.055
0.215
0.623
2.50%
0.079

Tibialis Anterior + ED
2.33%
0.191
0.083
0.369
3.33%
0.272

Gastrocnemius Medialis
1.75%
0.252
0.047
0.649
2.50%
0.359
Forelimb
Shoulder Flexors
1.00%
0.027
0.246
0.267
0%
0

Triceps Brachii
0.75%
0.030
0.171
0.239
0%
0

Shoulder Extensors
1.50%
0.162
0.063
0.485
0%
0

Biceps Brachii
0.50%
0.021
0.160
0.302
0%
0

Elbow Flexors
0.50%
0.035
0.098
0.016
0%
0

Elbow Extensors
0.75%
0.108
0.047
0.138
0%
0

Wrist Flexors
1.00%
0.252
0.027
0.298
0%
0

Wrist Extensors
1.50%
0.323
0.031
0.353
0%
0