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TABLE 1. Per limb muscle proportions for quadrupedal and bipedal models. BM - Body Mass, PCA - Physiological Cross-section Area, FL - Fibre Length, TL - Tendon Length, FD - Flexor Digitorum, ED - Extensor Digitorum. FL and TL are the same in both quadrupedal and bipedal models.
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Quadruped
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Biped
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% BM (kg)
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PCA (m2)
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FL (m)
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TL (m)
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% BM (kg)
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PCA (m2)
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Hindlimb
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Deep Dorsal Group
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2.33%
|
0.152
|
0.104
|
0.082
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3.33%
|
0.217
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Triceps Femoris Group
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1.75%
|
0.018
|
0.664
|
0.201
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2.50%
|
0.026
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Caudo Femoralis Group
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3.50%
|
0.063
|
0.375
|
0.496
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5.00%
|
0.090
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Femoro Tibialis Group
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1.75%
|
0.076
|
0.157
|
0.470
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2.50%
|
0.108
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Flexor Cruris Group
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2.33%
|
0.030
|
0.521
|
0.289
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3.33%
|
0.043
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Gastrocnemius Lateralis + FD
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1.75%
|
0.055
|
0.215
|
0.623
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2.50%
|
0.079
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Tibialis Anterior + ED
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2.33%
|
0.191
|
0.083
|
0.369
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3.33%
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0.272
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Gastrocnemius Medialis
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1.75%
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0.252
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0.047
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0.649
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2.50%
|
0.359
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Forelimb
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Shoulder Flexors
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1.00%
|
0.027
|
0.246
|
0.267
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0%
|
0
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Triceps Brachii
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0.75%
|
0.030
|
0.171
|
0.239
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0%
|
0
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Shoulder Extensors
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1.50%
|
0.162
|
0.063
|
0.485
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0%
|
0
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Biceps Brachii
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0.50%
|
0.021
|
0.160
|
0.302
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0%
|
0
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Elbow Flexors
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0.50%
|
0.035
|
0.098
|
0.016
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0%
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0
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Elbow Extensors
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0.75%
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0.108
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0.047
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0.138
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0%
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0
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Wrist Flexors
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1.00%
|
0.252
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0.027
|
0.298
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0%
|
0
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Wrist Extensors
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1.50%
|
0.323
|
0.031
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0.353
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0%
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0
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