Appendix 2.
Polycystine species retained in the database used for this work listed in alphabetical order. For each each entry the following information is given: species name, authority, family (in parentheses), up to 3 references illlustrating the species concept used ("Ref."), other names used variously for this species in the literature surveyed ("Syn."), and remarks ("Rem.").
Acanthodesmia vinculata (Müller) (Spyridae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Nigrini and Moore (1979) (as Giraffospyris angulata); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Giraffospyris angulata.
Acanthodesmia zonaria (Haeckel) (Spyridae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887).
Acanthosphaera actinota (Haeckel) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Acanthosphaera corloca, Acanthosphaera tunis, Acanthosphaera tenuissima.
Acanthosphaera castanea Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991); Boltovskoy (1999) (as Heliaster hexagonium). Syn.: Heliaster hexagonium.
Acanthosphaera dodecastyla Mast (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Hexastylus triaxonius.
Acanthosphaera pinchuda Boltovskoy and Riedel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999).
Acrobotrys sp. group (Cannobotryidae). . Syn.: Acrobotrys sp. A, Acrobotrys sp. B, Acrobotrys sp. C, Acrobotrys chelinobotrys, Acrobotrys teralans, Acrobotrys tessarolobon, Neobotrys quadrituberosa. Rem.: Heterogeneous grouping, most probably includes 3-4 different species.
Acrosphaera cyrtodon (Haeckel) (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Strelkov and Reshetnkak (1971); Takahashi (1991).
Acrosphaera murrayana (Haeckel) (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Strelkov and Reshetnkak (1971); Nigrini and Moore (1979); Swanberg (1979). Syn.: Choenicosphaera murrayana, Collosphaera murrayana, Polysolenia murrayana.
Acrosphaera spinosa (Haeckel) (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Acrosphaera arktios, Polysolenia spinosa, Polysolenia lappacea, Polysolenia flammabunda. Rem.: Differences in the species limits between authors do not allow consistent separation of morphotypes. Probably includes several forms or subspecies.
Actinomma antarcticum (Haeckel) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Riedel (1958) (as Diploplegma banzare); Nigrini (1967); Petrushevskaya (1967) (as Diploplegma (?) aquatica). Syn.: Diploplegma banzare, Diploplegma aquatica.
Actinomma arcadophorum Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979).
Actinomma capillaceum Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Actinomma delicatulum (Dogel and Reshetnjak) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Welling (1997); Okazaki et al. (2004). Syn.: Actinomma popofskii, Echinomma delicatum, Echinomma popofskii, Haliometta miocenica.
Actinomma leptodermum (Jørgensen) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Actinomma boreale, Actinomma leptoderma leptoderma, Actinomma leptoderma longispina, Actinomma hastatum, Actinomma haysi, Echinomma leptodermum. Rem.: Poorly defined morphotype, probably includes several species, including the juvenile or partially dissolved 3-shelled stages of Cromyechinus antarctica. Cortese and Bjørklund (1998a, b) reviewed the morphology and taxonomy of the boreal representatives of this taxon.
Actinomma medianum Nigrini (Actinommidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979). Rem.: Separation between this morphotype and Atinomma antarcticum and Actinomma arcadophorum may be questionable in some surveys.
Actinomma sol Cleve (Actinommidae). Ref.: Hollande and Enjumet (1960); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Thecosphaera radians, Thecosphaera entactinata.
Actinomma sp. 1 (Actinommidae). Ref.: Okazaki et al. (2005a) (as Actinomma spp.).
Actinosphaera acanthophora (Popofsky) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Actinosphaera capillacea (Haeckel) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Actinosphaera tenella (Haeckel) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Amphimelissa setosa (Cleve) (Cannobotryidae). Ref.: Swanberg and Bjørklund (1987); Schröder-Ritzrau (1995); Cortese et al. (2003).
Amphirhopalum ypsilon Haeckel (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Amphirhopalum cf. Tessarastrum straussii, Trigonastrum sp., Amphirhopalum virchowii, Amphimenium sp. A, Perichlamydium wirchowii.
Androcyclas gamphonycha (Jørgensen) (Pterocoryidae). Ref.: Hays (1965); Nigrini and Moore (1979); Bjørklund (1976).
Androspyris huxleyi (Haeckel) (Spyridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Lamprospyris hookeri.
Androspyris ramosa (Haeckel) (Spyridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991); Boltovskoy (1999) (as Tholospyris ramosa). Syn.: Tholospyris fornicata, Tholospyris ramosa, Tripospyris cortiniscus, Tripospyris palmipes, Tripospyris semantis.
Androspyris reticulodisca Takahashi (Spyridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Anomalacantha dentata Mast (Actinommidae). Ref.: Nigrini (1970) (as Heteracantha dentata). Syn.: Astrosphaera sp., Heteracantha dentata.
Antarctissa denticulata-strelkovi (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1967) (as Antarctissa denticulata and Antarctissa strelkovi). Rem.: Includes the morphotypes identified as Antarctissa denticulata, Antarctissa strelkovi, and Antarctissa cylindrica. These forms have very often been lumped in radiolarian surveys, which precludes their separation herewith.
Anthocyrtidium ophirense (Ehrenberg) (Pterocoryidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Anthocyrtidium cf. ophirensis, Anthocyrtidium cineraria, Anthocyrtidium euryclathrum.
Anthocyrtidium zanguebaricum (Ehrenberg) (Pterocoryidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999).
Arachnocorallium sp. group (Plagoniidae). . Rem.: An artificial grouping of several (5-10?) mostly unisegmented plagoniids. These morphotypes have been mentioned in the literature under a wide variety of names (e.g., Arachnocorallium calvata, Arachnocorallium spp., Arachnocorys pentacantha, Dimelissa apis, Dimelissa thoracites, Lithomelissa thoracites, Lophophaena spp., Peridium longispinum, Peridium spinipes, Peromelissa phalacra, Phormacantha spp., Psilomelissa calvata, etc.).
Arachnocorys circumtexta Haeckel (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971).
Arachnocorys sp. group (Plagoniidae). . Rem.: Morphotypes designated as Arachnocorys pentacantha , Arachnocorys umbellifera, Cladoscenium tricolpium. Probably includes 3-4 different poorly resolved species, although in some restricted areas these morphotypes are adequately delimited (e.g., Arachnocorys umbellifera and Cladoscenium tricolpium in the Nordic Seas).
Arachnosphaera myriacantha Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1862); Takahashi (1991).
Arachnosphaera sp. 1 (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Archipilium sp. 1 (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Archipilium macroporus? and Archipilium sp. aff. Archipilium orthopterum). Syn.: Sethopilium macropus.
Artobotrys borealis (Cleve) (Carpocaniidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991); Schröder-Ritzrau (1995). Syn.: Artobotrys boreale.
Artostrobus annulatus (Bailey) (Artostrobiidae). Ref.: Riedel (1958); Petrushevskaya (1967); Bjørklund (1976).
Artostrobus Jørgenseni Petrushevskaya (Artostrobiidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Bjørklund and Kruglikova (2003). Syn.: Eucecryphalus histricosus.
Astrosphaera hexagonalis Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Bathropyramis woodringii (Campbell and Clark) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Kling (1973). Syn.: Cinclopyramis infundibulum.
Botryocephalina armata Petrushevskaya (Cannobotryidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1965). Rem.: Probably synonymous with Saccospyris conithorax.
Botryocyrtis scutum (Harting) (Cannobotryidae). Ref.: Nigrini (1967); Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999).
Botryopyle dictyocephalus Haeckel (Cannobotryidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1965); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Acrobotrissa cribrosa, Botryopyle cribrosa.
Botryostrobus aquilonaris (Bailey) (Artostrobiidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979). Syn.: Artostrobium miralestense, Artostrobium tumidulum, Siphocampe aquilonaris, Siphocampe erucosa.
Botryostrobus auritus-australis (Ehrenberg) (Artostrobiidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Vrba (1989); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Artostrobium auritum group, Artostrobium eupora, Botryostrobus auritus, Botryostrobus bramlettei, Botryostrobus seriatus, Lithamphora furcaspiculata, Lithostrobus (?) seriatus, Lithostrobus (?) seriatus, Lithostrobus lithobotrys, Lithostrobus botryocyrtis, Spirocyrtis subscalaris, Spirocyrtis? platycephala group, Stichocorys seriata, Stichocorys seriatus. Rem.: Differences in the species limits between authors do not allow consistent separation of morphotypes. Probably includes several forms, species or subspecies (e.g., Stichocorys seriata may be a different organism)
Buccinosphaera invaginata Haeckel (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Strelkov and Reshetnjak (1971); Nigrini (1971).
Callimitra carolotae Haeckel (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Callimitra annae, Callimitra emmae.
Callimitra solocicribrata Takahashi (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Calocyclas monumentum Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Clathrocyclas monumentum and Clathrocyclas cassiopejae). Syn.: Clathrocyclas cassiopeiae, Clathrocyclas monumentum.
Carpocanarium papillosum (Ehrenberg) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1967) (as Dictyocephalus (?) papillosus). Syn.: Dictyocephalus papillosus, Tricolocapsa papillosa, Tricolocapsa papillosa mediterranea.
Carpocanium sp. group (Carpocaniidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979) (as Carpocanistrum spp. and Carpocanistrum sp. A); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Carpocanarium sp., Carpocanistrum acutidentatum, Carpocanistrum cephalum, Carpocanistrum evacuatum, Carpocanistrum favosum, Carpocanistrum flosculum, Carpocanistrum sp. A, Carpocanistrum sp. B, Carpocanium blastogenicum, Carpocanium calycoides, Carpocanium gemmula, Carpocanium obliqua, Carpocanium obliquum, Carpocanium palmipes, Carpocanopsis obovata. Rem.: Differences in the species limits between authors do not allow consistent separation of morphotypes. Probably includes several forms, species or subspecies
Carposphaera acanthophora (Popofsky) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Benson (1966); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980). Syn.: Actinosphaera sp., Lonchosphaera sp. C, Cenosphaera coronata, Haliomma erinaceum.
Carposphaera capillacea Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Cenosphaera cristata Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Riedel (1958) (as Cenosphaera cristata?). Syn.: Carposphaera acanthorphora, Carposphaera sp. aff. Carposphaera acanthorphora, Cenosphaera compacta. Rem.: Limits between this species and Cenosphaera elysia, Cenosphaera hirsuta and Cenosphaera spp. are often imprecise. Assignements in this work are therefore conditional.
Cenosphaera elysia Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980). Syn.: Carposphaera melitomma, Cenosphaera favosa, Cenosphaera riedeli, Cenosphaera spp., Cenosphaera vesparia. Rem.: Limits between this species and Cenosphaera cristata, Cenosphaera hirsuta and Cenosphaera spp. are often imprecise. Assignements in this work are therefore conditional.
Cenosphaera hirsuta Ehrenberg (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980). Rem.: Limits between this species and Cenosphaera cristata, Cenosphaera elysia and Cenosphaera spp. are often imprecise. Assignements in this work are therefore conditional.
Cenosphaera spp. (Actinommidae). . Rem.: Heterogeneous group of various single-shelled actinommids without main spines provisionally inluded in this genus.
Centrobotrys thermophila Petrushevskaya (Cannobotryidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1965).
Centrocubus cladostylus Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Takahashi (1991) (as Centrocubus cladostylus and Centrocubus octostylus); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Centrocubus octostylus, Octodendron pinetum.
Cephalospyris cancellata Haeckel (Spyridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Cephalospyris platybursa (Haeckel) (Spyridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Cantharospyris platybursa). Syn.: Cantharospyris platybursa, Platybursa clathrobursa.
Ceratocyrtis sinuosa (Popofsky) (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971).
Ceratospyris borealis Bailey (Spyridae). Ref.: Kamikuri et al. (2008). Syn.: Tristylospyris sp..
Cladococcus abietinus Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi and Honjo (1981).
Cladococcus bifurcus Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980).
Cladococcus cervicornis Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980); Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Cladococcus arborescens, Cladococcus viminalis.
Cladococcus megaceros Hollande and Enjumet (Actinommidae). Ref.: Hollande and Enjumet (1960); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980); Boltovskoy (1999).
Cladococcus scoparius Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi and Honjo (1981); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1987).
Cladococcus viminalis Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Cladococcus sp. 1 (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980) (as Cladococcus sp.).
Cladoscenium ancoratum Haeckel (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Cladoscenium tricolpium.
Cladoscenium limbatum Jørgensen (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Jørgensen (1905); Nigrini (1968) (as Plectacantha cremastoplegma). Syn.: Plectacantha cremastoplegma.
Clathrocanium coarctatum Ehrenberg (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Welling (1997). Syn.: Clathrocanium coronatum, Clathrocanium diadema, Clathrocanium ornatum, Clathrocanium reginae, Clathrocorys sp., Pteropilium reticulatum.
Clathrocorys teuscheri Haeckel (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Clathrocorys giltschii, Clathrocorys murrayi.
Clathrocyclas sp. 1 (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Clathromitra pentacantha Haeckel (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971).
Clathromitra pterophormis Haeckel (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Clathrosphaera arachnoides Haeckel (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Collosphaera huxleyi Muller (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Strelkov and Reshetnkak (1971); Swanberg (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Collosphaera confossa. Rem.: Living colonies have been shown to host skeletons identifyable as Collosphaera huxleyi and as Collosphaera tuberosa (Bjørklund, 1981), thus casting doubts on the separation between these morphotypes
Collosphaera macropora Popofsky (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Collosphaera glebulenta, Collosphaera polygona.
Collosphaera tuberosa Haeckel (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Strelkov and Reshetnkak (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Rem.: Living colonies have been shown to host skeletons identifyable as Collosphaera huxleyi and as Collosphaera tuberosa (Bjørklund, 1981), thus casting doubts on the separation between these morphotypes
Conarachnium facetum (Haeckel) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Conarachnium polyacanthum (Popofsky) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Conarachnium polyacantha.
Conarachnium sp. 1 (Theoperidae). Ref.: Tanaka and Takahashi (2008).
Conicavus tipiopsis Takahashi (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Cornutella profunda Ehrenberg (Theoperidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999).
Corocalyptra cervus (Ehrenberg) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Benson (1966). Syn.: Clathrocyclas danaes, Corocalyptra craspedota, Eucecryphalus aberrans, Eucecryphalus cervus, Eucecryphalus craspedota, Eucecryphalus elizabethae, Eucecryphalus europae, Eucecryphalus gegenbauri, Eucecryphalus gegenbauri/cervus group, Theocalyptra gegenbauri. Rem.: Heterogeneous group, probably includes several species.
Corocalyptra krugeri Popofsky (Theoperidae). Ref.: Popofsky (1913); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Corocalyptra killmari, Dictyophimus (?) killmari.
Cromyechinus antarctica (Dreyer) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1967). Syn.: Actinomma boreale, Actinomma imperfecta, Cromyechinus antarcticum, Cromyechinus borealis, Cromyechinus icosacanthus, Prunopyle antarctica, Prunopyle buspinigerum, Sphaeropyle langii, Sphaeropyle robusta. Rem.: Probably includes several species, including the adult 4-shelled stages of Actinomma leptodermum. Specimens from the Nordic seas identified as Actinomma boreale are probably not conspecific with Cromyechinus antarctica..
Cromyechinus sp. 1 (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Cromyechinus ? sp.).
Cromyomma circumtextum Haeckel (Artostrobiidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Boltovskoy (1999).
Cromyomma villosum Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Cromyomma sp. 1 (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1987) (as Cromyomma sp.).
Cubotholus sp. (Tholoniidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Amphitholus acanthometra, Amphitholus tricolonium, Cubotholus octoceras, Cubotholus regularis, Cubotholus rhombicus, Cubotholus sp. aff. C. octoceras, Tholoma metallasson.
Cycladophora davisiana davisiana (Ehrenberg) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Theocalyptra davisiana davisiana). Syn.: Cycladophora davisiana, Cycladophora davisiana davisiana, Diplocyclas sp A., Theocalyptra davisiana, Theocalyptra davisiana davisiana. Rem.: Separation between the subspecies of Cycladophora davisiana is uncertain.
Cycladophora davisiana (Ehrenberg) cornutoides (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Theocalyptra davisiana cornutoides). Syn.: Cycladophora cornuta, Cycladophora cornutoides, Cycladophora davisiana, Cycladophora davisiana semeloides, Cycladophora davisiana var. Semeloides, Theocalyptra davisiana, Theocalyptra davisiana cornutoides. Rem.: Separation between the subspecies of Cycladophora davisiana is uncertain.
Cyclampterium neatum Sanfilippo and Riedel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Renz (1976).
Cyrtidosphaera reticulata Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1862); Itaki et al. (2003a).
Cyrtolagena laguncula Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999) (as Cyrtopera laguncula). Syn.: Cyrtocapsa sp., Cyrtolagena cuspidata, Cyrtopera laguncula, Cyrtopera aglaolampa, Stichoformis cornutella, Stichopera pectinata, Stichophormis cf. cornutella.
Dictyocodon elegans (Haeckel) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887) (as Artopilium elegans); Takahashi (1991).
Dictyocodon palladius Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Tripocyrtis pteides.
Dictyocoryne profunda Ehrenberg (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Dictyocoryne abyssorum, Dictyocoryne euclidis, Dictyocoryne euclidis/profunda group, Euchitonia koellikeri, Euchitonia mulleri, Euchitonia triangulum, Hymeniastrium euclidis, Hymeniastrum koellikeri. Rem.: In some surveys separation between this species and Dictyocoryne truncatum is dubious.
Dictyocoryne truncatum (Ehrenberg) (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Hymeniastrum sp. A, Hymeniastrum sp. C, Hymeniastrum sp. E, Rhopalastrum profundum. Rem.: In some surveys separation between this species and Dictyocoryne profunda is dubious.
Dictyophimus hirundo (Haeckel) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Dictyophimus hirundo/crisiae, Dictyophimus crisiae, Dictyophimus crisiae/hirundo, Dictyophiumus clevei, Pterocorys hirundo. Rem.: In some surveys the limits of this species are uncertain.
Dictyophimus histricosus Jørgensen (Theoperidae). Ref.: Schröder-Ritzrau (1995).
Dictyophimus infabricatus Nigrini (Theoperidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979). Syn.: Dictyophimus crisiae, Dictyophimus sp. aff. D. infabricatus.
Dictyophimus mawsoni Riedel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Riedel (1958). Rem.: Probably an extinct species.
Dictyophimus sp. 1 (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Dictyophimus sp. A).
Dictyospyris sp. 1 (Spyridae). Ref.: Renz (1976) (as Lophospyris sp.); Takahashi (1991) (as Dictyospyris sp. group). Syn.: Lophospyris sp..
Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus (Haeckel) (Coccodiscidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: ?Didimocyrtis group, Didymocyrtis messanensis, Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus coronatus, Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus tetrathalamus, Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus, Ommatartus coronatus, Ommatartus sp. A, Ommatartus sp. B, Ommatartus tetrathalamus, Ommatartus tetrathalamus tetrathalamus, Panartus tetrathalamus, Panartus tetrathalamus coronatus, Panartus tetrathalamus tetrathalamus, Thecosphaera? diplococcus. Rem.: Includes the subspecies Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus tetrathalamus and Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus coronatus (in most datasets surveyed these two subspecies were considered jointly).
Dipylissa bensoni Dumitrica (Pyloniidae). Ref.: Dumitrica (1988); Boltovskoy (1999).
Druppatractus irregularis Popofsky (Actinommidae). Ref.: Benson (1966) (as Druppatractus irregularis and Druppatractus pyriformis). Syn.: Doryodruppa bensoni, Drupatractus sp 1, Druppatractus hastatus, Druppatractus pyriformis, Druppatractus variabilis, Stylosphaera pyriformis, Stylosphaera sp. B. Rem.: Unresolved grouping, most probably includes several species.
Drymosphaera dendrophora Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Takahashi (1991).
Drymyomma elegans Jørgensen (Actinommidae). Ref.: Jørgensen (1905).
Elatomma penicillus Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Takahashi (1991).
Ellipsoxiphium palliatum Haecker (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Enneaphormis rotula (Haeckel) (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999) (as Sethophormis rotula). Syn.: Enneaphormis (?) sp., Enneaphormis enneastrum, Sethophormis rotula, Plectagonidium deflandrei, Sethophormis sp. A, Tetraphormis rotula rotula.
Eucecryphalus clinatus Takahashi (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Euchitonia elegans-furcata (Ehrenberg) (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Euchitonia elegans, Euchitonia elegans/furcata, Euchitonia elegans/furcata group, Euchitonia furcata, Euchitonia sp. A, Euchitonia sp. B, Euchitonia sp. C, Rhopalastrum spp.. Rem.: It is unclear whether Euchitonia elegnas and Euchitonia furcata represent different species, but intergrades are at least as comon as typical shells of either morphotype. In many of the databases surveyed they have been considered jointly or the limits of the two forms were blurry, which precluded us from considering them separately in this review.
Eucyrtidium acuminatum (Ehrenberg) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Nigrini and Moore (1979). Syn.: Eucyrtidium acuminatum acuminatum, Eucyrtidium acuminatum octocolum, Eucyrtidium sp. aff. E. anomalum, Eucyrtidium acuminatum/E. tropezianum, Eucyrtidium hexastichum, Eucyrtidium octocolum, Eucyrtidium sp. aff. E. acuminatum octocolum, Stichopilium annulatum, Stichopodium dictyopodium.
Eucyrtidium anomalum (Haeckel) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999).
Eucyrtidium erythromystax Nigrini and Caulet (Theoperidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Caulet (1992). Syn.: Eucyrtidium calvertense, Eucyrtidium cienkowskii, Eucyrtidium heptacolum, Eucyrtidium teuscheri, Lithomitra infundibulum. Rem.: Probably an heterogeneous grouping.
Eucyrtidium hexagonatum Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Benson (1966) (as Eusyringium siphonostoma); Nigrini and Moore (1979). Syn.: Eucyrtidium acuminatum octocolum, Eucyrtidium cienkowskii, Eucyrtidium dictyopodium, Eucyrtidium dictyopodium siphonostomum.
Eucyrtidium hexastichum (Haeckel) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Eucyrtidium annulatum.
Euscenium corynephorum Jørgensen (Theoperidae). Ref.: Jørgensen (1905); Schröder-Ritzrau (1995).
Gonosphaera primordialis Jørgensen (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Jørgensen (1905); Bjørklund (1976). Syn.: Pseudocubus primordialis?.
Haeckeliella macrodoras (Haeckel) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Hollande and Enjumet (1960); Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Cladococcus stalactites.
Haliomma castanea Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1862); Takahashi (1991).
Haliomma macrodoras Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1987).
Haliomma sp. 1 (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Haliomma sp. A). Syn.: Heliaster hexagonium.
Haliomma sp. 2 (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Haliomma sp. B).
Heliodiscus asteriscus Haeckel (Phacodiscidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Heliodiscus macrococcus.
Heliodiscus echiniscus Haeckel (Phacodiscidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Nigrini and Moore (1979). Syn.: Heliodiscus phacodiscus. Rem.: Apparently lumped with Heliodiscus asteriscus in most of the reports surveyed.
Heliodiscus sp. 1 (Phacodiscidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Heliodiscus? sp.). Syn.: Heliodiscus echiniscus, Heliosoma sp..
Heliosoma sp. 1 (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Heliosoma sp. aff. radians). Syn.: Heliosoma spp. aff. radians.
Helotholus histricosa Jørgensen (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Antarctissa strelkovi, Ceratocyrtis galea, Ceratocyrtis galeus, Ceratocyrtis histricosus, Ceratocyrtis histricosa, Ceratospyris histricosa, Dictyophimus histricosus, Helotholus sp cf. H. Vema, Lampromitra spp.. Rem.: Highly variable morphotype. Organisms grouped under this name are very likely to include several species..
Heterosphaera sp. 1 (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Heterosphaera sp. A).
Heterosphaera sp. 2 (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Heterosphaera sp. B).
Hexacontium arachnoidale Hollande and Enjumet (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980) (as Hexalonche aristarchi); Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Hexalonche aristarchi.
Hexacontium armatum-hostile group(Actinommidae). . Syn.: Haxalonche aristarchi, Hexacontarium sp., Hexacontium entacanthum, Hexacontium hostile, Hexacontium pachydermum, Hexacontium armatum, Hexacontium asteracanthion, Hexacontium axotrias, Hexacontium hexagonum, Hexacontium phaenaxonium, Hexacontium pythagoraea, Hexacontium sceptrum, Hexalonche amaximandri, Hexalonche aristarchi, Hexalonche philosophica. Rem.: Very heterogeneous grouping encompassing generally 3-shelled actinommids with usually 6 main spines perpendicular to each other, but up to 9 have been reported, in which case they resemble the genus Actinomma . Several (5-10?) species included. This group needs much additional work to sort out its troubled taxonomy.
Hexacontium heracliti (Haeckel) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Hexacontium heteracantha (Popofsky) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Benson (1966) (as Hexacontium cf. heteracantha).
Hexacontium hystricina (Haeckel) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi and Honjo (1981); Boltovskoy (1987).
Hexacontium laevigatum Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Benson (1966); Nigrini and Moore (1979); Welling (1997).
Hexacromyum elegans Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi and Honjo (1981).
Hexalonche amphisiphon Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Hollande and Enjumet (1960) (as Heliosoma echinaster); Boltovskoy (1999) (as Heliosoma echinaster). Syn.: Cenosphaera sp. E, Centracontarium hexacontarium, Centrolonche hexalonche, Heliosoma echinaster, Tetrapetalon elegans.
Hexastylus dimensivius Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Paverd (1995).
Hexastylus triaxonius Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Takahashi (1991).
Lamprocyclas maritalis Haeckel (Pterocoryidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Lamprocyclas maritalis maritalis, Lamprocyclas maritalis polypora, Lamprocyclas maritalis ventricosa, Lamprocyclas nupitalis. Rem.: Includes morphotypes described under the names Lamprocyclas maritalis maritalis, Lamprocyclas maritalis polypora and Lamprocyclas maritalis ventricosa.
Lamprocyrtis junonis (Haeckel) (Pterocoryidae). Ref.: Welling (1997); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Lamprocyclas hannai, Lamprocyrtis hannai, Lamprocyrtis junonis, Pterocorys spp..
Lamprocyrtis nigriniae (Caulet) (Pterocoryidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979). Syn.: Conarachnium ? sp. A, Lamprocyrtis haysi.
Lampromitra cracenta Takahashi (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Lampromitra quadricuspis Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Benson (1966); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Anthocyrtidium sp. aff. A. anthemis, Dictyophimus butschlii, Lampromita sinuosa, Lampromitra cachoni, Lampromitra spinosiretis, Tetraphormis butschlii, Tetraphormis dodecaster.
Lampromitra schultzei (Haeckel) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Lampromitra coronata, Sethophormis pentalactis, Theocalyptra cornuta.
Larcopyle buetschlii Dreyer (Litheliidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Tholospironium cervicorne.
Larcospira quadrangula Haeckel (Litheliidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999).
Larnacalpis sp. 1 (Coccodiscidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Larnacalpis sp.). Syn.: Larnacalpis sp. aff. L. lentellipsis, Didymocyrtis sp..
Leptosphaera minuta Popofsky (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Leptosphaera minuta?).
Lipmanella bombus (Haeckel) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Benson (1966); Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: ?Dictyoceras mellitta, Eucyrtidium anomalum f. bombus, Lipmanella pyramidale, Theopilium pyramidale.
Lipmanella dictyoceras (Haeckel) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971). Syn.: Dictyoceras acanthicum, Lipmanella virchowii, Lipmanella xiphephorum. Rem.: Is some instances limits between this taxon and Lipmanella virchowii are unclear.
Lipmanella virchowii (Haeckel) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Dictyoceras neglectum, Dictyoceras vichowii, Eucyrtidium anomalum f. Virchowii, Lipmanella dictyoceras, Lithopilium sphaerocephalum. Rem.: Is some instances limits between this taxon and Lipmanella dictyoceras are unclear.
Liriospyris reticulata (Ehrenberg) (Spyridae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979). Syn.: Acanthodesmia reticulata, Amphispyris costata, Amphispyris costata-thorax group, Amphispyris reticulata, Liriospyris (?) toxarium, Liriospyris reticulata, Liriospyris toxarium, Lithocircus reticulatus, Lithocircus zonaris.
Liriospyris thorax laticapsa (Takahashi) (Spyridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Liriospyris thorax thorax (Haeckel) (Spyridae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887) (as Amphispyris thorax); Takahashi (1991).
Liriospyris sp. 1 (Spyridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Liriospyris sp.).
Litharachnium tentorium Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Litharachnium eupilium, Litharachnium permagnum.
Lithelius minor group(Litheliidae). . Syn.: Larcospira haliomma, Larcospira minor, Lithelius alveolina, Lithelius ex gr. minor/spiralis, Lithelius sp. aff L. spiralis, Lithelius spiralis, Lithelius spp., Ommatodiscus sp. A, Spongurus minor, Stylodictya ? sp., Stylotrochus geddesi. Rem.: Very heterogeneous grouping encompassing variously shaped litheliids. Most probably includes several species.
Lithelius nautiloides Popofsky (Litheliidae). Ref.: Riedel (1958); Petrushevskaya (1967). Syn.: Lithelius spiralis.
Lithocampe platycephala (Ehrenberg) (Artostrobiidae). Ref.: Schröder-Ritzrau (1995).
Lithocampe sp. 1 (Theoperidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979) (as Lithocampe sp.).
Lithomelissa hystrix Jørgensen (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Bjørklund (1976); Bjørklund et al. (1998). Syn.: Lithomelissa stigi, Lophophaena witjazii, Lophophaenoma sp. aff. L. witjazii, Lophophaenoma witjazii.
Lithomelissa setosa Jørgensen (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Jørgensen (1905); Bjørklund (1976); Bjørklund et al. (1998).
Lithopera bacca Ehrenberg (Theoperidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999).
Lithopilium reticulatum Popofsky (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Lithostrobus cornutus Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Renz (1976).
Lithostrobus hexagonalis Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991); Welling (1997); Boltovskoy (1999).
Lophocorys polyacantha (Popofsky) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Benson (1966); Welling (1997). Syn.: Artopilium undulatum, Lophocorys undulata, Stichopilium anocor, Triacartus undulatum.
Lophophaena capito Ehrenberg (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Lophophaena cf. capito). Syn.: Dimelissa thoracites, Lithomeliss cf. thoracites, Lithomelissa laticeps, Lithomelissa sp., Lithomelissa thoracites, Lophophaenoma spp., Lophophaenoma witjazii, Peromelissa sp.. Rem.: Heterogeneous grouping. Probably includes several species.
Lophophaena decacantha group(Plagoniidae). . Syn.: Dimelissa laticeps, Dimelissa thoracites, Lithomelissa cf. galeata, Lithomelissa monoceras, Lithomelissa thoracites, Lophophaena buetschlii, Lophophaena cf. capito, Lophophaena clevei, Lophophaena nadezdae. Rem.: Very heterogeneous grouping. Includes several species.
Lophophaena hispida-cylindrica (Ehrenberg) (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971) (as Lophophaena cylindrica and Lophophaena hispida). Syn.: Lophophaena cylindrica, Lophophaena hispida.
Lophophaena rioplatensis Boltovskoy et al. (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy et al. (2003).
Lophophaena variabilis group(Plagoniidae). Ref.: Welling (1997) (as Amphiplecta acrostoma, Lophophaena butschlii, and Lophophaena variabilis). Syn.: Acanthocorys cf. variabilis, Amphiplecta acrostoma, Lophophaena nadezdae, Lithomelissa bütschlii, Lophophaena buetschlii. Rem.: Heterogeneous grouping. Probably includes several species.
Lophospyris pentagona hyperborea (Jørgensen) (Spyridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Ceratospyris hyperborea, Lophospyris damaecornis, Phormospyris herdisae, Phormospyris sp. aff. Lophospyris pentagona hyperborea, Tholospyris sp.. Rem.: Goll (1976) revised Ceratospyris hyperborea and erected Lophospyris pentagona hyperborea.
Lophospyris pentagona pentagona (Ehrenberg) (Spyridae). Ref.: Goll (1976); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Ceratospyris sp., Giraffospyris circumflexa, Lophospyris cheni, Lophospyris pentagona.
Lophospyris pentagona quadriforis (Haeckel) (Spyridae). Ref.: Goll (1976). Syn.: Acanthodesmia micropora, Lophospyris quadriforis, Lophospyris sp., Semantis micropora?.
Lychnosphaera regina Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Takahashi (1991).
Mitrocalpis araneafera Popofsky (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Riedel (1958); Nigrini (1970).
Myelinastrinae (group?) (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Renz (1976) (as Myelinastinae subfamily group); Takahashi (1991) (as Myelinastrum quadrifoleum and Myelinastrum trinibrachium).
Neosemantis distephanus (Haeckel) (Spyridae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Campylacantha cladophora, Neosemantis cladophora, Semanthes distephanus, Tetraplagia distephanis.
Nephrospyris paradictyum Haeckel (Spyridae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971) (as Paradictyum paradoxum); Renz (1976). Syn.: Paradictyum paradoxum.
Nephrospyris renilla Haeckel (Spyridae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Nephrodictyum renilla, Nephrospyris docris, Nephrospyris renilla lana, Nephrospyris renilla renilla.
Octodendron cubocentron Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Paverd (1995) (as Spongodrymus cubocentron); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Spongoplegma sp., Spongodrymus cubocentron.
Octopyle stenozona/Tetrapyle octacantha (group?) (Pyloniidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999) (as Octopyle stenozona group?). Syn.: Octopyle octostyle, Octopyle stenozoa, Octopyle stenozona, Phorticium sp., Tetrapyle larnacilla, Tetrapyle octacantha. Rem.: Probably two species lumped in this category (see, for example, Nigrini and Moore, 1979), but inconsistencies in their identification throughout the works surveyed do not allow considering them separately.
Ommatodiscus murrayi Dreyer (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Benson (1966) (as Ommatodiscus pantanelli). Syn.: Circodiscus micropora, Ommatodiscus pantanelli, Prunulum coccymelium?, Stylodictya centrospira.
Otosphaera polymorpha Haeckel (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Strelkov and Reshetnkak (1971) (as Solenosphaera chierchiae); Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Otosphaera auriculata, Otosphaera auriculata/Otosphaera polymorpha, Solenosphaera chierchiae, Solenosphaera polymorpha.
Peripyramis circumtexta Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Riedel (1958); Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Peripyramis circumtexta/Plectopyramis dodecomma.
Peromelissa phalacra (Haeckel) (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Arachnocorallium sp. 1, Lithomelissa monoceras.
Phormacantha hystrix (Jørgensen) (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Plectacantha trichoides. Rem.: Heterogenous group, probably two different species.
Phormospyris stabilis capoiGoll (Spyridae). Ref.: Goll (1976); Takahashi (1991).
Phormospyris stabilis scaphipes(Goll)(Spyridae). Ref.: Goll (1976); Takahashi (1991); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Ceratospyris angulata, Lophospyris /Phormospyris, Phormospyris scaphipes, Phormospyris stabilis scaphipes, Tholospyris scaphipes, Tristylospyris scaphipes.
Phormospyris stabilis stabilis (Goll) (Spyridae). Ref.: Goll (1976); Takahashi (1991); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: ?Dendrospyris sp. aff. D. stabilis, Desmospyris anthocyrtoides, Phormospyris stabilis.
Phormospyris sp. 1 (Spyridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Phormospyris? sp.). Syn.: Phormospyris? sp..
Phormostichoartus corbula (Harting) (Artostrobiidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Lithostrobus botryocyrtis, Siphocampe corbula, Siphocampium sp..
Phorticium pylonium (Haeckel) (Pyloniidae). Ref.: Riedel (1958). Syn.: Phorticium clevei.
Phrenocodon clathrostomium Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Takahashi (1991).
Plectacantha cremastoplegma Nigrini (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Nigrini (1968).
Plectacantha oikiskos Jørgensen (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Bjørklund (1976). Rem.: Limits with Phormacantha hystrix unclear.
Plectacantha trichoides Jørgensen (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971). Rem.: Limits with Phormacantha hystrix unclear.
Plectanium sp. 1 (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Plectanium sp.).
Plectopyramis dodecomma Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979).
Plegmosphaera coelopila Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi and Honjo (1981) (as Plegmosphaera coelopila and Plegmosphaera pachypila). Syn.: ?Plegmosphaera maxima, Plegmosphaera pachypila.
Plegmosphaera entodictyon Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Hollande and Enjumet (1960); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980); Takahashi (1991). Rem.: Probably synonymous with Plegmosphaera pachyplegma.
Plegmosphaera lepticali Renz (Actinommidae). Ref.: Renz (1976); Takahashi (1991) (as Plegmosphaera sp. aff. P. lepticali).
Plegmosphaera oblonga Takahashi (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Plegmosphaera pachyplegma Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Hollande and Enjumet (1960); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980). Rem.: Probably synonymous with Plegmosphaera entodictyon.
Porodiscus microporus (Stohr) (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Circodiscus spp.); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1987) (as Lithocyclia heteropora). Syn.: Circodiscus microporus, Circodiscus sp. group, Lithocyclia heteropora.
Pseudocubus obeliscus Haeckel (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Takahashi (1991); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Plectophora triacantha.
Pseudocubus octostylus Haeckel (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971).
Pseudodictyophimus bicornis (Ehrenberg) (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Welling (1997). Syn.: Dictyophimus bicornis, Theocalyptra bicornis.
Pseudodictyophimus gracilipes Bailey (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999) (as Dictyophimus gracilipes). Syn.: ? Dictyophimus bicornis, Dictyophimus clevii, Dictyophimus spp., Dictyophimus tetracanthus, Dictyophymus hirundo, Dictyophimus gracilipes, Pseudodictyophimus multispinus, Pseudodictyophimus tetracanthus. Rem.: In some surveys the limits of this species are uncertain.
Pterocanium auritum Nigrini and Caulet (Theoperidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Caulet (1992). Syn.: Dictyophimus infabricatus, Pterocanium sp..
Pterocanium korotnevi (Dogiel) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979). Syn.: Carpocanarium sp., Dictyophimus macropterus, Dictyophimus sp., Lychnocanium grande.
Pterocanium praetextum (Ehrenberg) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Pterocanium praetextum aff. eucolpum, Pterocanium praetextum eucolpum, Pterocanium praetextum praetextum, Pterocanium virgineum. Rem.: Includes the subspecies Pterocanium praetextum praetextum and Pterocanium praetextum eucolpum recognized by some authors (e.g., Nigrini and Moore, 1979).
Pterocanium trilobum Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Lychnocanium sp. aff. Lychnocanium sigmopodium, Pterocanium charybdeum, Pterocanium grandiporus, Pterocanium orcinum, Pterocanium polypylum.
Pterocorys hertwigii (Haeckel) (Pterocoryidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Eucyrtidium hertwigii.
Pterocorys minythorax (Nigrini) (Pterocoryidae). Ref.: Nigrini (1968); Caulet and Nigrini (1988).
Pterocorys zancleus (Muller) (Pterocoryidae). Ref.: Benson (1966); Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Pterocorys campanula, Pterocorys clausus, Pterocorys macroceras, Pterocorys sabae, Theoconus zancleus, Theoconus junonis.
Pterocyrtidium dogieli Petrushevskaya (Theoperidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Gondwanaria campanulaeformis, Sethoconus (?) reschetnhakae, Sethoconus (?) sp. cf. S.(?) dogieli.
Pteropilium stratiotes Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Haeckel(1887); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1987).
Pteroscenium pinnatum Haeckel (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Benson (1966); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: ?Clathrocorys murrayi, Verticillata hexacantha.
Pylolena armata Haeckel (Pyloniidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Hexapyle armata, Hexapyle dodecacantha, Hexapyle sp., Pylolena hexagona.
Pylospira octopyle Haeckel (Litheliidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979). Syn.: ? Tholospira (?) sp., Phorticium octopyle, Tholospyra group.
Rhizoplegma boreale Cleve (Actinommidae). Ref.: Bjørklund (1976); Schröder-Ritzrau (1995).
Saccospyris antarctica Haecker (Cannobotryidae). Ref.: Riedel (1958) (as Botryopyle? antarctica); Petrushevskaya (1967); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Botryopyle? antarctica, Saccospyris cf. antarctica, Saccospyris preantarctica.
Saccospyris conithorax Petrushevskaya (Cannobotryidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1967). Syn.: Botryocampe inflata, Acrobotrissa cribrosa, Saccospyris preantarctica.
Saturnalis circularis Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Nigrini (1967); Boltovskoy (1999).
Sethoconus anthocyrtis Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Conarachnium facetum, Conarachnium parabolicum, Lampromitra parabolica.
Sethoconus myxobrachia Strelkov and Reshetnjak (Theoperidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Renz (1976); Takahashi (1991).
Sethoconus tabulatus (Ehrenberg) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Riedel (1958) (as Sichopilium variabile); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1987). Syn.: Sethoconus (Artostrobus) tabulatus, Sichopilium variabile.
Sethodiscus macrococcus Haeckel (Phacodiscidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980).
Sethophormis aurelia Haeckel (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Theophormis callipilium.
Siphocampe arachnea (Ehrenberg) (Artostrobiidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1967); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Lithomitra arachnea, Lithomitra sp.aff. L. lineata.
Siphocampe lineata (Ehrenberg) (Artostrobiidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1967); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Lithomitra lineata, Siphocampe nodosaria.
Siphonosphaera martensi Brandt (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Strelkov and Reshetnjak (1971) (as Siphonosphaera cyathina and Siphonosphaera martensi); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Siphonosphaera cyathina, Siphonosphaera sp. B.
Siphonosphaera polysiphonia Haeckel (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Siphonosphaera compacta, Siphonosphaera macropora, Siphonosphaera spp., Siphonosphaera tenera, Siphonosphaera tubulosa. Rem.: Probably synonymous with Siphonosphaera socialis.
Siphonosphaera socialis Haeckel (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Strelkov and Reshetnjak (1971) (as Siphonosphaera socialis, Siphonosphaera socialis mazosphaeroides, and Siphonosphaera socialis tubuliloba). Syn.: Siphonosphaera socialis mazosphaeroides, Siphonosphaera socialis tubuliloba. Rem.: Probably synonymous with Siphonosphaera polysiphonia.
Solenosphaera collina (Haeckel) (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Strelkov and Reshetnjak (1971). Syn.: Disolenia collina, Solenosphaera sp. aff. S. collina.
Solenosphaera polysolenia Strelkov and Reshetnjak (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Strelkov and Reshetnjak (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Siphonosphaera magnisphaera, Siphonosphaera sp. aff. S. hippotis, Solenosphaera sp. aff. S. polisolenia.
Solenosphaera tenuissima Hilmers (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Strelkov and Reshetnjak (1971). Syn.: Otosphaera tenuissima.
Solenosphaera zanguebarica (Ehrenberg) (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Disolenia quadrata, Disolenia sp., Disolenia sp. A, Disolenia sp. B, Disolenia spp., Disolenia zanguebarica, Solenosphaera pandora, Solenosphaera polymorpha, Solenosphaera quadrata, Solenosphaera spp., Solenosphaera zanguebarica pyriformis, Trisolenia magalactis megalactis, Trisolenia zanguebarica. Rem.: Variable morphotype, probably includes more than one species. Bjørklund (1981) recorded colonial shells ascribable to Disolenia, Trisolenia, Tertasolenis, and Polysolenia in the same living colony. This group needs extensive research to clarify its taxonomy.
Sphaeropyle mespilus Dreyer (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Sphaeropyle mespilus?).
Spirocyrtis scalaris Haeckel (Artostrobiidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Takahashi (1991); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Botryostrobus scalaris, Spirocyrtis cornutella, Spirocyrtis scalaris/cornutella, Spirocyrtis spp., Spirocyrtis subscalaris, Spyrocyrtis cornutella, Spyrocyrtis scalaris/cornutella.
Spongaster pentas Riedel and Sanfilippo (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Riedel and Sanfilippo (1970); Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Spongaster sp. aff. S. pentas.
Spongaster tetras Ehrenberg (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979) (as Spongaster tetras tetras and Spongaster tetras irregularis). Syn.: Spongaster tetras irregularis, Spongaster tetras tetras, Spongodiscus tetras. Rem.: Includes Spongaster tetras tetras and Spongaster tetras irregularis (cf. Nigrini, 1967).
Spongobrachium sp. 1 (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979) (as Spongobrachium sp.). Syn.: Spongaster berminghami, Spongaster sp. A, Spongobrachium sp., Spongobrachium sp. aff. Spongobrachium ellipticum.
Spongodictyon spongiosum (Muller) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Riedel (1987).
Spongodiscus resurgens Ehrenberg (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Elliptical spongodiscid, Spongaster cf. pentas, Spongodiscus anomalus, Spongodiscus biconcavus, Spongodiscus sp., Spongotrochus brevispinus, Spongotrochus glacialis. Rem.: In a few of the databases surveyed this species was counted together with Spongotrochus glacialis.
Spongodrymus elaphococcus Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980) (as Spongodrymus sp. aff. Spongdrymus elaphococcus). Syn.: Spongodrymus sp. aff. Spongdrymus elaphococcus.
Spongolena sp. 1 (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Renz (1976); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1987).
Spongoliva ellipsoides Popofsky (Coccodiscidae). Ref.: Benson (1966); Takahashi (1991); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Cypassis irregularis, Didymocyrtis ellipsoidis, Pylonium sp., Spongoliva cf. ellipsoides.
Spongoplegma antarcticum Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980).
Spongoplegma rugosa Hollande and Enjumet (Actinommidae). Ref.: Hollande and Enjumet (1960); Boltovskoy and Jankilevich (1985) (as Spongoplegma rugosa and Spongoplegma sp. aff. S. rugosa).
Spongopyle osculosa Dreyer (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979). Syn.: Spongodiscus osculosus, Spongopyle setosa.
Spongosphaera streptacantha Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Hollande and Enjumet (1960); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: ?Hexadoidium streptacanthum, Spongosphaera polyacantha, Staurolonche sp..
Spongosphaera sp. aff. S. helioides Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Spongosphaera sp..
Spongotrochus glacialis Popofsky (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Riedel (1958); Petrushevskaya (1967); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Spongodiscus glacialis, Spongotrochus multispinus, Spongotrochus sp. A, Spongotrochus sp. B, Stylochlamidium venustum. Rem.: In a few of the databases surveyed this species was counted together with Spongodiscus resurgens. Heterogenous group, probably includes more than one species.
Spongurus cylindricus Haeckel (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Benson (1966); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Spongocore diplocylindrica, Spongocore puella, Spongocore cylindrica.
Spongurus pylomaticus Riedel (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Riedel (1958); Petrushevskaya (1967); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: ?Spongurus ellipticus, Larcopyle pylomaticus, Spongurus cf. elliptica, Spongurus sp..
Spongurus sp. 1 (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1967); Boltovskoy (1999) (as Spongurus spp. group?). Syn.: Larcopyle weddellium, Prunopyle titan, Spongurus? sp., Spongurus cf. elliptica, Spongurus elliptica, Spongurus ellipticus, Spongurus pylomaticus, Spongurus sp., Spongurus sp. aff. S. elliptica, Spongurus spindalis.
Stichopilium bicorne Haeckel (Theoperidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Benson (1966); Takahashi (1991).
Stigmosphaera cruciata Hollande and Enjumet (Actinommidae). Ref.: Hollande and Enjumet (1960); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1987).
Stylatractus sp. 1 (Actinommidae). . Syn.: Amphisphaera group, Axoprunum bispiculum, Axoprunum spp., Axoprunum stauraxonium, Axoprunum stauraxonium/Stylosphaera lithatractus, Drupatractus sp., Druppatractis acquilonius, Druppatractus ostracion, Druppatractus ostracion group, Druppatractus pyriformis, Druppatractus variabilis, Ellipsoxiphus atractus, Spumellarian form B, Stylacontarium bispiculum, Stylatractus neptunus, Stylatractus pluto, Stylatractus pyriformis, Stylatractus sp., Stylatractus sp. cf. S. universus, Stylosphaera hispida, Stylosphaera lithatractus, Stylosphaera stauraxonium, Xiphatractus brevispina, Xiphatractus pluto, Xiphatractus sp.. Rem.: Very heterogeneous grouping. Includes several species.
Stylochlamydium asteriscus Haeckel (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Boltovskoy and Vrba (1988); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Porodiscus (?) sp. B, Stylodictya stellata.
Stylochlamydium venustum (Bailey) (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Welling (1997). Syn.: Ommatodiscus murrayi, Sylochlamydium asteriscus.
Stylodictya aculeata Jørgensen (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1967); Boltovskoy and Vrba (1988). Syn.: Porodiscus micromma, Stylodictia validispina. Rem.: Records of this taxon are restricted to the few publications where it was counted separately from Stylodictya multispina.
Stylodictya aculeata-multispina (Spongodiscidae). . Syn.: Ommatodiscus sp. A, Ommatodiscus sp. B, Ommatodiscus spp., Perichlamydium arachnium, Porodiscus micromma, Spongotrochus multispina, Stylodictya multispina, Stylodictya sp., Stylodictya validispina. Rem.: Includes records where the two taxa were not identified separately.
Stylodictya multispina Haeckel (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Vrba (1988); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Ommatodiscus sp., Porodiscus sp., Porodiscus sp. aff P. micromma, Stlodictya validispina, Stylochlamydium asteriscus, Stylodictya asteriscus/multispina, Stylodictya sp., Stylodictya sp. A, Stylodictya sp. B, Stylodictya tenuispina, Stylodictya validispina. Rem.: Records of this taxon are restricted to the few publications where it was counted separately from Stylodictya aculeata.
Stylosphaera melpomene Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Benson (1966); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: ?Stylosphaera melpomene, Hexacontium melpomene, Hexacontium melpomene, Stylacontarium bispiculum, Stylosphaera? sp. A.
Styptosphaera spongiacea Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Spongodrymus elaphococcus, Styptosphaera (?) spongiacea. Rem.: Synonymy of this species with Spongodrymus elaphococcus is conditional.
Styptosphaera spumacea Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Nigrini (1970) (as Styptosphaera? spumacea); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1987).
Styptosphaera sp. 1 (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Styptosphaera sp. B).
Styptosphaera sp. 2 (Actinommidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Styptosphaera sp. C).
Tessarastrum straussii Haeckel (Spongodiscidae). Ref.: Renz (1976); Takahashi (1991) (as Amphirhopalum straussi). Syn.: Amphirhopalum straussii.
Tetracorethra tetracorethra (Haeckel) (Pterocoryidae). Ref.: Renz (1976); Takahashi (1991).
Tetraplecta corynephorum? Jørgensen (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Tetraplecta pinigera Haeckel (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Plagiacantha arachnoides.
Tetraplecta plectaniscus Haeckel (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Takahashi (1991).
Thecosphaera inermis (Haeckel) (Actinommidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Actinomma sp. A, Stylosphaera sp. C, Thecosphaera phaenaxonia.
Theocalyptra bicornis (Popofsky) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Riedel (1958); Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Clathrocyclas bicornis, Cycladophora bicornis, Eucecryphalus alcmenae, Eucecryphalus bicornis, Pterocorys bicornis.
Theocorys veneris (Haeckel) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Clathrocanium insectum, Corocalyptra columba.
Theocorythium trachelium (Ehrenberg) (Pterocoryidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Calocyclas amicae, Theocorythium trachelium dianae, Theocorythium trachelium trachelium.
Theopilium tricostatum (Haeckel) (Theoperidae). Ref.: Haeckel (1887); Benson (1966); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Cecryphalium sestrodiscus, Eucecryphalus sestrodiscus, Eucecryphalus tricostatum, Eucecryphalus tricostatus, Theocalyptra sp..
Tholospyris anthophora (Haeckel) (Spyridae). Ref.: Goll (1969); Goll (1972); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Tholospyris distoma, Tholospyris ramosa, Tholospyris sp. 2.
Tholospyris baconiana (Haeckel) (Spyridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Tholospyris baconiana baconiana and Tholospyris baconiana variabilis). Syn.: Tholospyris baconiana baconiana, Tholospyris baconiana variabilis.
Tholospyris macropora (Popofsky) (Spyridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991).
Tholospyris procera Goll (Spyridae). Ref.: Nigrini and Moore (1979); Goll and Bjørklund (1974). Syn.: Amphispyris sp. D, Amphispyris subquadrata.
Tholospyris tripodiscus Haeckel (Spyridae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Renz (1976); Boltovskoy (1999).
Tribonosphaera centripetalis Haeckel (Collosphaeridae). Ref.: Strelkov and Reshetnjak (1971) (as Collosphaera armata and Tribonosphaera centripetalis); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1980); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Collosphaera armata.
Triceraspyris antarctica (Haecker) (Spyridae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Desmospyris spongiosa, Phormospyris stabilis antarctica.
Tricolocampe cylindrica Haeckel (Artostrobiidae). Ref.: Benson (1966) (as Siphocampium cf. cylindrica); Petrushevskaya (1971); Boltovskoy (1999). Syn.: Lithomitra lineata, Siphocampe lineata, Siphocampe lineata group.
Trisulcus triacanthus Popofsky (Plagoniidae). Ref.: Petrushevskaya (1971); Renz (1976); Boltovskoy (1999).
Udan undulata Renz (Theoperidae). Ref.: Renz (1976).
Xiphosphaera gaea Haeckel (Actinommidae). Ref.: Goll (1969); Takahashi (1991).
Xiphosphaera tessaractis Dreyer (Actinommidae). Ref.: Dreyer (1913); Takahashi (1991). Syn.: Xiphosphaera gaea/tesseractis, Diplosphaera lychnosphaera.
Zygocircus productus (Hertwig) (Spyridae). Ref.: Takahashi (1991) (as Zygocircus productus group); Boltovskoy and Riedel (1987).