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Volume 27.1
January–April 2024
Full table of contents
ISSN: 1094-8074, web version;
1935-3952, print version
Recent Research Articles
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Patricia A. Holroyd
Museum of Paleontology
University of California
1101 Valley Life Sciences Building
Berkeley, California 94720
United States
pholroyd@berkeley.edu
Patricia A. Holroyd is a senior museum scientist at the University of California Museum of Paleontology in Berkeley. She received her B.A. from the University of Kansas and Ph.D. from Duke University. She divides her time between an endless stream of email, a finite stream of students and researchers, and rare, wondrous moments studying fossils. Her primary research interests are in assemblage-based analyses of biogeography and diversity in terrestrial vertebrate communities in times of past global warming.
Brian D. Rankin
Department of Biological Sciences
University of Calgary
2500 University Ave NW
Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4
Canada
bdrankin@ucalgary.ca
Brian D. Rankin received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from the University of Alberta. Currently, he is working on a Ph.D. in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Calgary. His research interests are centered on mammalian evolution across the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary, with particular emphasis on the post-Cretaceous adaptive radiation.
TABLE 1. Measurements of the upper dentition of phenacodontids from the middle Clarkforkian (Cf2) Buckman Hollow local fauna, southwestern Wyoming.
Taxon |
Specimen Number |
P3L |
P3W |
P4L |
P4W |
M1L |
M1W |
M2L |
M2W |
M3L |
M3W |
Phenacodus vortmani |
USNM 16693 |
7.9 |
7.3 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
UCMP 173516 |
— |
8.6 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
USNM 21286 (R, except M3) |
— |
8.6 |
8.0 |
9.0 |
9.0 |
10.1 |
8.7 |
12.1 |
8.7 |
10.0 |
|
USNM 16691 (L) |
8.4 |
7.5 |
8.5 |
8.5 |
9.0 |
8.3 |
9.0 |
11.5 |
— |
— |
|
USNM 16691 (R) |
8.3 |
7.8 |
8.1 |
8.5 |
9.1 |
9.9 |
— |
— |
8.0 |
10.2 |
|
USNM 406166 |
— |
— |
7.8 |
9.5 |
9.4 |
12.0 |
9.3 |
11.6 |
7.8 |
9.6 |
|
USNM 20651 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
8.8 |
— |
8.7 |
11.5 |
— |
— |
|
USNM 16694 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
7.4 |
10.4 |
|
USNM 20639 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
8.2 |
10.6 |
|
USNM 406160 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
7.3 |
9.1 |
|
USNM 406161 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
8.8 |
12.5 |
|
Phenacodus intermedius |
USNM 406156 |
9.6 |
8.3 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
UCMP 170704 |
10.2 |
9.3 |
9.8 |
11.3 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
USNM 409474 |
— |
— |
11.0 |
11.8 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
USNM 20649 |
— |
— |
9.9 |
10.9 |
— |
— |
11.0 |
14.0 |
— |
— |
|
Ectocion sp., cf. E. major |
UCMP 173496 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
10.3 |
12.2 |
— |
— |
Ectocion osbornianus |
USNM 406151 |
— |
5.7 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
USNM 20736 (L) |
5.8 |
5.5 |
6.0 |
7.6 |
6.1 |
8.5 |
6.1 |
8.9 |
4.9 |
7.4 |
|
USNM 20736 (R) |
5.9 |
5.4 |
— |
6.2 |
7.2 |
8.5 |
— |
8.4 |
4.9 |
7.2 |
|
USNM 406154 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
6.5 |
8.8 |
TABLE 2. Measurements of the lower dentition of phenacodontids from the middle Clarkforkian (Cf2) Buckman Hollow local fauna, southwestern Wyoming.
Taxon |
Specimen Number |
p3L |
p3W |
p4L |
p4L |
m1L |
m1W |
m2L |
m2W |
m3L |
m3W |
Phenacodus vortmani |
USNM 406161 |
8.4 |
4.9 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
USNM 20642 |
— |
— |
9.2 |
5.9 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
USNM 20653 |
— |
— |
9.7 |
7.3 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
USNM 20643 |
— |
— |
9.6 |
6.4 |
9.0 |
7.2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
UCMP 173495 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
9.0 |
7.3 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
USNM 20654 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
9.0 |
7.9 |
9.9 |
8.2 |
— |
— |
|
USNM 20638 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
9.4 |
8.7 |
9.5 |
7.8 |
10.0 |
6.7 |
|
USNM 20650 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
9.5 |
7.9 |
9.8 |
8.0 |
— |
7.4 |
|
USNM 21286 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
9.3 |
— |
9.4 |
— |
|
USNM 20637 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
10.8 |
7.7 |
|
USNM 409469 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
10.4 |
6.9 |
|
Phenacodus intermedius |
USNM 21287 |
12.0 |
7.7 |
12.6 |
10.0 |
12.5 |
11.4 |
13.2 |
12.7 |
— |
— |
USNM 20644 |
— |
— |
11.8 |
7.9 |
12.1 |
9.8 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
UCMP 170704 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
12.3 |
10.7 |
12.1 |
11.3 |
11.8 |
8.8 |
|
Ectocion osbornianus |
USNM 20736 (R) |
5.6 |
3.5 |
6.6 |
4.2 |
6.6 |
5.2 |
6.4 |
5.4 |
6.3 |
4.5 |
USNM 20736 (L) |
5.5 |
3.4 |
6.8 |
4.2 |
7.1 |
5.2 |
6.8 |
5.4 |
7.1 |
4.5 |
|
USNM 16695 |
— |
— |
6.1 |
4.6 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
USNM 20645 |
— |
— |
7.4 |
5.1 |
6.8 |
5.8 |
7.0 |
6.7 |
— |
— |
|
USNM 20646 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
7.4 |
5.4 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
|
UCMP 173493 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
6.7 |
5.9 |
— |
— |
|
USNM 20648 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
6.7 |
5.3 |
6.6 |
5.7 |
— |
— |
|
UCMP 173401 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
4.8 |
6.9 |
5.1 |
— |
4.4 |
|
USNM 20640 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
7.0 |
5.3 |
7.0 |
5.7 |
8.2 |
5.3 |
|
USNM 406146 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
8.1 |
4.7 |
TABLE 3. Descriptive summary statistics of the upper dentition of phenacodontids from Buckman Hollow and other Clarkforkian and other earliest Wasatchian assemblages from the Western Interior of North America. Comparative data from Thewissen (1990), Burger (2012), and Rose et al. (2012).
Taxon |
Sedimentary Basin |
P3L |
P3W |
P4L |
P4W |
M1L |
M1W |
M2L |
M2W |
M3L |
M3W |
|
Phenacodus vortmani |
Buckman Hollow |
n |
3 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
7 |
7 |
Mean |
8.2 |
8.0 |
8.1 |
8.9 |
9.1 |
10.1 |
8.9 |
11.7 |
8.0 |
10.4 |
||
SD |
0.2 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
0.2 |
1.6 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
1.1 |
||
SE |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.8 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
||
Minimum |
7.9 |
7.3 |
7.8 |
8.5 |
8.8 |
8.3 |
8.7 |
11.5 |
7.3 |
9.1 |
||
Maximum |
8.4 |
8.6 |
8.5 |
9.5 |
9.4 |
12.0 |
9.3 |
12.1 |
8.8 |
12.5 |
||
Bighorn Basin Cf 2 |
n |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
4 |
4 |
||||
Mean |
9.6 |
9.4 |
11.2 |
9.8 |
10.5 |
9.5 |
8.9 |
|||||
SD |
0.6 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.7 |
|||||||
SE |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
|||||||
Minimum |
9.0 |
10.9 |
9.5 |
10.4 |
8.6 |
7.7 |
||||||
Maximum |
9.8 |
11.4 |
10.0 |
10.6 |
10.3 |
9.6 |
||||||
Phenacodus intermedius |
Buckman Hollow |
n |
2 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
||||
Mean |
9.9 |
8.8 |
10.2 |
11.3 |
11.0 |
14.0 |
||||||
SD |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
||||||||
SE |
0.3 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
||||||||
Minimum |
9.6 |
8.3 |
9.8 |
10.9 |
||||||||
Maximum |
10.2 |
9.3 |
11.0 |
11.8 |
||||||||
Bighorn Basin Cf2 |
n |
12 |
14 |
21 |
24 |
20 |
22 |
29 |
29 |
38 |
40 |
|
Mean |
10.7 |
9.9 |
10.7 |
11.5 |
12.3 |
13.9 |
13.2 |
14.3 |
11.7 |
11.0 |
||
SD |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
||
SE |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
||
Minimum |
9.5 |
8.9 |
9.2 |
9.0 |
10.7 |
11.8 |
10.9 |
12.4 |
10.2 |
8.8 |
||
Maximum |
12.1 |
11.4 |
11.6 |
13.1 |
14.5 |
16.3 |
16.1 |
15.7 |
14.0 |
14.2 |
||
Bighorn Basin Wa0 |
n |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|||||||
Mean |
8.0 |
8.4 |
8.3 |
9.2 |
||||||||
SD |
||||||||||||
SE |
||||||||||||
Minimum |
||||||||||||
Maximum |
||||||||||||
Ectocion sp., cf. E. major |
Buckman Hollow |
n |
1 |
1 |
||||||||
Mean |
10.3 |
12.2 |
||||||||||
SD |
||||||||||||
SE |
||||||||||||
Minimum |
||||||||||||
Maximum |
||||||||||||
Ectocion osbornianus |
Buckman Hollow |
n |
2 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
Mean |
5.9 |
5.5 |
6.0 |
6.9 |
6.7 |
8.5 |
6.1 |
8.7 |
5.4 |
7.8 |
||
SD |
0.1 |
0.1 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
0.0 |
0.4 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
||||
SE |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.0 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
||||
Minimum |
5.8 |
5.4 |
6.2 |
6.1 |
8.5 |
8.4 |
4.9 |
7.2 |
||||
Maximum |
5.9 |
5.7 |
7.6 |
7.2 |
8.5 |
8.9 |
6.5 |
8.8 |
||||
Bighorn Basin Cf2 |
n |
45 |
46 |
53 |
54 |
85 |
88 |
96 |
108 |
63 |
66 |
|
Mean |
6.2 |
6.2 |
6.6 |
7.8 |
7.2 |
8.7 |
7.6 |
8.9 |
6.2 |
7.0 |
||
SD |
0.3 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
||
SE |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
||
Minimum |
5.2 |
4.9 |
5.8 |
5.6 |
6.4 |
7.3 |
6.2 |
7.7 |
5.2 |
5.6 |
||
Maximum |
6.7 |
6.9 |
7.2 |
8.8 |
8.0 |
10.0 |
8.9 |
10.1 |
7.5 |
8.0 |
||
Ectocion parvus |
Bighorn Basin Cf2 |
n |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
4 |
4 |
8 |
7 |
5 |
5 |
Mean |
5.2 |
5.1 |
5.6 |
6.6 |
5.7 |
7.4 |
6.3 |
7.3 |
5.2 |
6.1 |
||
SD |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
||
SE |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
||
Minimum |
5.0 |
5.0 |
5.5 |
6.3 |
5.6 |
7.3 |
5.7 |
6.7 |
4.4 |
5.5 |
||
Maximum |
5.4 |
5.3 |
5.7 |
6.8 |
6.2 |
7.4 |
7.0 |
7.8 |
5.8 |
6.6 |
||
Bighorn Basin Wa0 |
n |
2 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
7 |
7 |
15 |
15 |
9 |
9 |
|
Mean |
4.7 |
4.7 |
5.4 |
6.5 |
5.6 |
6.8 |
5.6 |
7.2 |
4.9 |
6.2 |
||
SD |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
||
SE |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
||
Minimum |
4.6 |
4.3 |
5.2 |
6.0 |
5.3 |
6.1 |
4.9 |
6.4 |
4.1 |
4.9 |
||
Maximum |
4.9 |
5.1 |
5.5 |
6.9 |
6.0 |
7.5 |
6.2 |
7.9 |
6.6 |
7.2 |
||
Piceance Creek |
n |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
4 |
|
Mean |
5.4 |
4.9 |
5.4 |
6.1 |
5.8 |
7.5 |
5.6 |
7.5 |
4.9 |
7.0 |
||
SD |
0.1 |
0.1 |
||||||||||
SE |
0.1 |
0.1 |
||||||||||
Minimum |
4.9 |
6.8 |
||||||||||
Maximum |
5.2 |
7.1 |
TABLE 4. Descriptive summary statistics of the lower dentition of phenacodontids from Buckman Hollow and other Clarkforkian and other earliest Wasatchian assemblages from the Western Interior of North America. Comparative data from Thewissen (1990), Burger (2012), and Rose et al. (2012).
Taxon |
Assemblage | p3L | p3W | p4L | p4W | m1L | m1W | m2L | m2W | m3L | m3W | |
Phenacodus vortmani |
Buckman Hollow |
n |
1 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
4 |
4 |
Mean |
8.4 |
4.9 |
9.5 |
6.5 |
9.2 |
7.8 |
9.6 |
8.0 |
10.2 |
7.2 |
||
SD |
0.3 |
0.7 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
||||
SE |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
||||
Minimum |
9.2 |
5.9 |
9.0 |
7.2 |
9.3 |
7.8 |
9.4 |
6.7 |
||||
Maximum |
9.7 |
7.3 |
9.5 |
8.7 |
9.9 |
8.2 |
10.8 |
7.7 |
||||
Bighorn Basin Cf2 |
n |
3 |
3 |
6 |
6 |
4 |
3 |
5 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
|
Mean |
8.5 |
5.6 |
9.5 |
6.5 |
9.6 |
7.7 |
9.7 |
8.1 |
9.8 |
6.9 |
||
SD |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
||
SE |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
||
Minimum |
8.1 |
5.4 |
9.1 |
5.7 |
9.0 |
7.2 |
9.5 |
7.7 |
8.5 |
6.3 |
||
Maximum |
8.8 |
5.7 |
9.8 |
7.1 |
10.0 |
7.9 |
10.0 |
8.4 |
11.0 |
7.6 |
||
Phenacodus intermedius |
Buckman Hollow |
n |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
Mean |
12.0 |
7.7 |
12.2 |
9.0 |
12.3 |
10.6 |
12.7 |
12.0 |
11.8 |
8.8 |
||
SD |
0.6 |
1.5 |
0.2 |
0.8 |
0.78 |
1.0 |
||||||
SE |
0.4 |
1.1 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
0.56 |
0.7 |
||||||
Minimum |
11.8 |
7.9 |
12.1 |
10.0 |
12.1 |
11.3 |
||||||
Maximum |
12.6 |
10.0 |
12.5 |
11.4 |
13.2 |
12.7 |
||||||
Bighorn Basin Cf2 |
n |
18 |
22 |
33 |
34 |
44 |
40 |
44 |
47 |
41 |
41 |
|
Mean |
10.9 |
6.9 |
11.9 |
8.6 |
12.4 |
10.3 |
12.8 |
11.3 |
13.1 |
9.8 |
||
SD |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
0.6 |
||
SE |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
||
Minimum |
10.2 |
5.4 |
10.2 |
7.5 |
11.1 |
9.3 |
11.2 |
9.6 |
11.4 |
8.4 |
||
Maximum |
12.1 |
8.1 |
13.5 |
10.1 |
14.0 |
11.6 |
14.3 |
12.9 |
15.2 |
10.7 |
||
Bighorn Basin (Wa0) |
n |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
|
Mean |
9.0 |
5.6 |
9.7 |
6.4 |
10.6 |
8.6 |
10.4 |
9.4 |
10.4 |
8.0 |
||
SD |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.9 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
|||||
SE |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
|||||
Minimum |
8.8 |
5.3 |
9.1 |
6.2 |
10.5 |
9.9 |
7.5 |
|||||
Maximum |
9.1 |
5.8 |
10.3 |
6.7 |
10.7 |
10.9 |
8.4 |
|||||
Ectocion osbornianus |
Buckman Hollow |
n |
2 |
2 |
4 |
4 |
6 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
4 |
5 |
Mean |
5.6 |
3.4 |
6.7 |
4.5 |
6.9 |
5.3 |
6.8 |
5.7 |
7.4 |
4.7 |
||
SD |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
0.9 |
0.4 |
||
SE |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
0.2 |
||
Minimum |
5.5 |
3.4 |
6.1 |
4.2 |
6.6 |
4.8 |
6.4 |
5.4 |
6.3 |
4.4 |
||
Maximum |
5.6 |
3.5 |
7.4 |
5.1 |
7.4 |
5.9 |
7.0 |
6.7 |
8.2 |
5.3 |
||
Bighorn Basin Cf2 |
n |
49 |
52 |
98 |
103 |
173 |
181 |
178 |
187 |
91 |
105 |
|
Mean |
6.6 |
3.7 |
6.7 |
4.7 |
6.6 |
5.2 |
6.7 |
5.6 |
7.2 |
4.8 |
||
SD |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
||
SE |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
||
Minimum |
5.7 |
3.0 |
5.8 |
4.1 |
5.8 |
4.5 |
5.6 |
4.5 |
6.3 |
4.1 |
||
Maximum |
7.3 |
4.3 |
7.7 |
5.8 |
7.5 |
6.4 |
7.6 |
6.6 |
8.2 |
6.1 |
||
Ectocion parvus |
Bighorn Basin Cf2 |
n |
3 |
4 |
14 |
14 |
11 |
9 |
10 |
14 |
6 |
8 |
Mean |
5.8 |
3.1 |
5.8 |
3.8 |
5.5 |
4.4 |
5.5 |
4.6 |
5.9 |
3.8 |
||
SD |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
||
SE |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
||
Minimum |
5.5 |
2.8 |
5.1 |
3.4 |
5.2 |
3.8 |
4.6 |
4.2 |
5.1 |
3.4 |
||
Maximum |
6.0 |
3.2 |
6.3 |
4.2 |
5.9 |
4.8 |
5.9 |
5.2 |
6.2 |
4.3 |
||
Bighorn Basin Wa0 |
n |
8 |
8 |
15 |
15 |
19 |
18 |
26 |
27 |
19 |
18 |
|
Mean |
5.5 |
3.0 |
5.7 |
3.8 |
5.5 |
4.4 |
5.7 |
4.6 |
5.9 |
3.8 |
||
SD |
0.4 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
||
SE |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
||
Minimum |
4.9 |
2.6 |
4.8 |
2.7 |
5.1 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
4.2 |
5.5 |
3.4 |
||
Maximum |
5.9 |
3.3 |
6.1 |
4.3 |
6.2 |
4.9 |
6.7 |
5.3 |
6.6 |
4.6 |
||
Piceance Creek |
n |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
|||
Mean |
5.6 |
3.4 |
5.4 |
4.1 |
6.2 |
4.9 |
6.6 |
4.3 |
||||
SD |
0.2 |
0.3 |
||||||||||
SE |
0.1 |
0.2 |
||||||||||
Minimum |
6.4 |
4.0 |
||||||||||
Maximum |
6.7 |
4.6 |
TABLE 5. Chart comparing current faunal lists for Clarkforkian faunas of southwestern Wyoming and northern Colorado. Solid circles indicate taxa referred to a fauna based on figured or published voucher specimens; open circles indicate taxa known only from faunal lists. Primary references for each locality are as follows: 1) Buckman Hollow – Gazin 1942, 1956; Dorr and Gingerich, 1980; Rose 1981, Gingerich 1976, Thewissen 1990; this paper; 2) Piceance Creek Clarkforkian composite – Patterson, 1933, 1934, 1937, 1939; Patterson and West, 1973; Kihm, 1984; Lucas, 1998; Burger and Honey, 2008; Burger, 2012; 3) Great Divide Basin – Anemone and Dirks, 2009; 4) Big Multi Quarry – Wilf et al., 1998; Dawson and Beard, 1996; Chester and Beard, 2012; 5) Togwotee Pass or lower variegated sequence Cf composite fauna in Purdy Basin – McKenna, 1980; Rose, 1981.
Buckman Hollow | Piceance Creek Clarkforkian composite | Great Divide Basin | Big Multi | Purdy Basin Cf | ||
Multituberculata |
||||||
Eucosmodontidae |
Neoliotomus conventus |
● |
○ |
— |
○ |
— |
Microcosmodontidae |
Microcosmodon conus |
— |
— |
— |
● |
— |
Neoplagiaulacidae |
Parectypodus sp. |
— |
— |
○ |
● |
— |
Neoplagiaulacidae |
Ectypodus sp. |
— |
— |
— |
● |
— |
Ptilodontidae |
Prochetodon sp. |
● |
○ |
○ |
— |
— |
Marsupialia |
||||||
Didelphidae |
Peradectes sp. |
— |
— |
○ |
○ |
— |
Arctostylopida |
||||||
Arctostylopidae |
Arctostylops steini |
— |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
"Condylarthra" |
||||||
Arctocyonidae |
Anacodon nexus |
● |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
Arctocyonidae |
Lambertocyon ischyrus |
— |
○ |
— |
— |
|
Arctocyonidae |
Chriacus sp. |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
○ |
Oxyclaenidae |
Thryptacodon sp. |
○ |
○ |
○ |
— |
— |
Phenacodontidae |
Ectocion osbornianus |
● |
○ |
○ |
○ |
● |
Phenacodontidae |
Ectocion parvus |
— |
● |
— |
— |
○ |
Phenacodontidae |
Ectocion major |
cf |
● |
— |
— |
— |
Phenacodontidae |
Phenacodus intermedius |
● |
○ |
○ |
○ |
● |
Phenacodontidae |
Phenacodus vortmani |
● |
○ |
○ |
— |
○ |
Apheliscidae |
Haplomylus simpsoni |
— |
○ |
— |
— |
● |
Apheliscidae |
Apheliscus nitidus |
● |
— |
○ |
○ |
● |
Apheliscidae |
Aletodon sp. |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
○ |
Creodonta |
||||||
Oxyaenidae |
Oxyaena transiens |
— |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
Oxyaenidae |
Oxyaena platypus |
— |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
Oxyaenidae |
Dipsalidictis krausei |
● |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Hyaenodontidae |
cf. Prolimnocyon atavus |
— |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
Hyaenodontidae |
?Dipsalodon matthewi |
— |
— |
— |
— |
● |
Hyaenodontidae |
Dipsalodon n. sp. |
— |
— |
— |
— |
● |
Dinocerata |
||||||
Prodinoceratidae |
Probathyopsis harrisorum |
● |
● |
— |
○ |
— |
Mesonychia |
||||||
Mesonychidae |
Dissacus navajovius |
● |
○ |
— |
— |
○ |
Palaeanodonta |
||||||
Epoicotheriidae |
Palaeanodon cf. parvulus |
— |
— |
○ |
— |
|
Cimolesta |
||||||
Barylambdidae |
Barylambda faberi |
● |
● |
— |
— |
— |
Coryphodontidae |
Coryphodon |
— |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
Cyriacotheriidae |
Cyriacotherium psamminum |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
— |
Titanoideidae |
Titanoides primaevus |
○ |
— |
— |
— |
|
Pantolesta |
||||||
Pantolestidae |
Palaeosinopa sp. |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
○ |
Proteutheria |
||||||
Palaeoryctidae |
Palaeoryctes cf. punctatus |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
— |
Carnivora |
||||||
Viverravidae |
Protictis proteus |
— |
○ |
— |
— |
○ |
Viverravidae |
Viverravus sp. |
? |
— |
— |
○ |
● |
Viverravidae |
Didymictis sp. |
● |
— |
○ |
○ |
○ |
Dermoptera |
||||||
Planetetherium sp. |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
● |
|
Primates |
||||||
Microsyopidae |
Arctodontomys sp. |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
— |
Microsyopidae |
Arctodontomys simplicidens |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
— |
Plesiadapidae |
Chiromyoides caesor |
— |
● |
— |
○ |
— |
Plesiadapidae |
Plesiadapis dubius |
● |
● |
● |
○ |
○ |
Plesiadapidae |
Plesiadapis cookei |
● |
— |
● |
○ |
○ |
Plesiadapidae |
cf. Plesiadapis |
— |
— |
● |
— |
— |
Paromomyidae |
Phenacolemur cf. pagei |
— |
— |
● |
○ |
○ |
Paromomyidae |
Phenacolemur cf. simonsi |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
— |
Paromomyidae |
cf. Ignacius sp. |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
— |
Carpolestidae |
Carpolestes nigridens |
● |
— |
● |
○ |
○ |
Micromomyidae |
Dryomomys dulcifer |
— |
— |
— |
● |
— |
Micromomyidae |
Tinimomys tribos |
— |
— |
— |
● |
— |
Lipotyphla |
||||||
Erinaceidae |
Diacocherus minutus |
— |
— |
○ |
○ |
— |
Erinaceidae |
Leipsanolestes |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
● |
Nyctitheriidae |
Ceutholestes sp. |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
— |
Nyctitheriidae |
Limaconyssus sp. |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
— |
Nyctitheriidae |
Wyonycteris sp. |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
— |
Nyctitheriidae |
Plagioctenodon sp. |
— |
— |
○ |
○ |
— |
Rodentia |
||||||
Ischyromyidae |
Paramys adamus |
● |
— |
● |
○ |
— |
Ischyromyidae |
P. cf. P. atavus |
— |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
Ischyromyidae |
P. cf. P. excavatus |
— |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
Alagomyidae |
Alagomys russelli |
— |
— |
— |
● |
— |
Taeniodonta |
||||||
Stylinodontidae |
Ectoganus gliriformis |
● |
○ |
— |
— |
○ |
Tillodonta |
||||||
Esthonychidae |
Azygonyx xenicus |
— |
— |
— |
○ |
● |
FIGURE 1. Map showing the locations and spatial relationships of documented mammal-bearing fossil assemblages assigned to the late Paleocene Clarkforkian NALMA: 1, Clark's Fork Basin; 2, Bighorn Basin; 3, Togwotee Pass; 4, Buckman Hollow; 5, Mark's Locality; 6, Big Multi Quarry; 7, Piceance Basin.
FIGURE 2. Multituberculata and Cimolesta. 2.1-2.3, UCMP 170782, Neoliotomus conventus, left i1 in lateral (2.1), occlusal (2.2), and lingual (2.3) views; 2.4, UCMP 173399, Barylambda faberi, left M1 fragment.
FIGURE 3. Creodonta. UCMP 173490, Dipsalidictis krausei left m2, in occlusal (3.1), lingual (3.2), and lateral (3.3) views.
FIGURE 4. Primates. UCMP 173400, Plesiadapis dubius, in lateral (4.1), lingual (4.2), and occlusal (4.3) views.
FIGURE 5. Primates. Comparative occlusal view of Plesiadapis dubius from Buckman Hollow. 5.1, USNM 16696 (holotype of P. "rubeyi"), 5.2, UCMP 173400. 5.3, USNM 20787 (holotype of P.? "pearcei").
FIGURE 6. Dinocerata and Mesonychia. 6.1, Probathyopsis sp., cf. P. harrisorum, UCMP 173492, partial Px or M1. 6.2, Probathyopsis sp., cf. P. harrisorum, USNM 21284, Px (previously illustrated in Gazin, 1956, pl. 1, fig. 3). 6.3, Probathyopsis sp., cf. P. harrisorum, USNM 21283, Px or M1 (previously illustrated in Gazin, 1956, pl. 1, fig. 2). 6.4, Dissacus sp., cf. D. praenuntius, USNM 11699, partial left M2. 6.5, Dissacus sp., cf. D. praenuntius, USNM 406145, right p2 or p3 talonid.
FIGURE 7. Phenacodontid condylarths. 7.1, Phenacodus intermedius, UCMP 170704, right dentary with m1-3. 7.2, Ectocion cf. E. major, UCMP 173496, right maxilla with M2. 7.3, Ectocion osbornianus, UCMP 173401, right dentary with partial m1, m2, partial m3. 7.4, E. osbornianus, USNM 20736, left maxilla with P2-M3 and dentary with p3-m3.
Additions to the latest Paleocene Buckman Hollow local fauna, Chappo Member of the Wasatch Formation, Lincoln County, southwestern Wyoming
Plain Language Abstract
Late Paleocene (approximately 57 to 55.7 million years ago) mammals from North America remain poorly known. Most fossils mammals from this age have been recovered from a single area in north-central Wyoming. Here we describe new fossils from a series of localities in southwest Wyoming called Buckman Hollow and document several species previously unknown in that area. These new discoveries include the multituberculate Neoliotomus conventus (a small plant-eating mammal), the oxyaenid creodont Dipsaladictis (a carnivorous mammal), and a rare phenacodontid condylarth Ectocion sp., cf. E. major (a plant eating hoofed mammal). Although fossils from the Buckman Hollow localities are sparse, they are important to understanding the biogeography and the stratigraphic relationships of mammals during this time period.
Resumen en Español
Información adicional sobre la fauna local del Paleoceno tardío de Buckman Hollow, Miembro Chappo de la Formación Wasatch, Condado de Lincoln, suroeste de Wyoming
Salvo unas pocas excepciones notables, las faunas de mamíferos del Paleoceno tardío de Norte América (Clarkforkian North American Land Mammal Age, 57 a 55.7 M.a. aproximadamente) son poco conocidas, siendo que la mayoría del registro se ha recuperado de una única área, la Cuenca Bighorn en el suroeste de Wyoming. Las faunas de edad comparable presentes en otros lugares son escasas. En el presente estudio describimos nuevos ejemplares, incluyendo algunas especies no documentadas hasta ahora, provenientes de la fauna local de Buckman Hollow en la Cuenca Green River del suroeste de Wyoming. Los nuevos hallazgos incluyen al multituberculado Neoliotomus conventus, el creodonto oxiaénido Dipsaladictis, y el raro fenacodóntido condilartro Ectocion cf. E. major. Aunque escasas, estas adiciones ofrecen la oportunidad de reevaluar los patrones bioestratigráficos y biogeográficos observados entre las faunas del Paleoceno tardío, las cuales incluyen diferentes patrones de co-ocurrencia de mamíferos en estas faunas más meridionales respecto a los observados en la Cuenca Bighorn.
Palabras clave: Paleoceno; Clarkforkiense; Mammalia; Bioestratigrafía; Biogeografía
Traducción: Enrique Peñalver
Résumé en Français
Ajouts à la faune locale de Buckman Hollow de la fin du Paléocène, Membre Chappo de la formation de Wasatch, comté de Lincoln, sud-ouest du Wyoming
Avec quelques exceptions notables, les faunes de mammifères de la fin du Paléocène de l'Amérique du Nord (Clarkforkien, âge des Mammifères nord-américain, environ 57 à 55,7 Ma) sont mal connus, la grande majorité récupéré à partir d'une seule région, le bassin de Bighorn au nord-ouest du Wyoming. Il y a très peu de faunes de cet âgés. Nous décrivons ici de nouveaux fossiles, y compris plusieurs nouvelles espèces, provenant de la faune locale de Buckman Hollow du bassin de Green River au sud-ouest du Wyoming. Nous documentons de nouvelle présence, comme le multituberculé Neoliotomus conventus, le creodont oxyaenide Dipsaladictis, et un rare condylarth phenacodontide Ectocion cf . E. majeur. Bien que rares, ces ajouts offrent la possibilité de réévaluer les modèles biostratigraphiques et biogéographiques observées chez les faunes de la fin du Paléocène, qui comprennent des modèles différents de coprésence de mammifères dans les faunes plus au sud que ceux observés dans le bassin de Bighorn.
Mots-clés: Paléocène; Clarkforkien; Mammalia; Biostratigraphie; Biogéographie
Translator: Kenny J. Travouillon
Deutsche Zusammenfassung
Ergänzungen zur spätpaläozänen Buckman Hollow Lokalfauna, Chappo Member der Wasatch Formation, Lincoln County, Südwest-Wyoming
Mit wenigen bemerkenswerten Ausnahmen sind Säugetierfaunen aus dem spätesten Paläozän von Nordamerika (Clarkforkian North American Land Mammal Age, ungefähr 57 bis 55.7 Mio. Jahre) wenig bekannt. Die überwiegende Mehrheit dieser Faunen wurde in einem einzigen Gebiet entdeckt, dem Bighorn Becken von Nordwest-Wyoming. Andernorts gibt es nur wenige Faunen mit einem vergleichbaren Alter. Hier beschreiben wir neues Material einschließlich einiger bisher undokumentierter Arten aus der Buckman Hollow Lokalfauna des Green River Beckens von Südwest-Wyoming. Neu aufgenommene Vorkommen beinhalten den Multituberculaten Neoliotomus conventus, den oxyaniden Creodonten Dipsaladictis und den seltenen phenacodontiden Condylarthren Ectocion cf. E. major. Obwohl sie selten sind, bieten diese Ergänzungen die Gelegenheit biostratigraphische und biogeographische Muster, welche in spätpaläozänen Faunen beobachtet worden waren, zu re-evaluieren. Diese mehr südlicheren Faunen weisen von denen aus dem Bighorn Becken abweichende Säugetier-Kookkurenz-Muster auf.
Keywords: Paläozän; Clarkforkian; Mammalia; Biostratigraphie; Biogeographie
Translator: Eva Gebauer
Arabic
Translator: Ashraf M.T. Elewa
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Review: The Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Sea Reptiles
The Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Sea Reptiles
Article number: 26.1.1R
April 2023