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Cranial turtle musculature:
WERNEBURG

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Multilingual  Abstracts

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Techniques

New Nomenclature and the Synonymy of Cranial Musculature in Turtles

The Cranio-Cervical Skeleton of Emydura subglobosa

Cranium Associated Musculature in Emydura subglobosa

Nomenclature of Turtle Cranial Musculature

Hierarchy of Homology

Dynamic Model of Muscle Evolution and Development

Homology of Particular Muscular Structures in Turtles

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

Appendix 6

Appendix 7

 

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NOMENCLATURE OF TURTLE CRANIAL MUSCULATURE

Appendix 1 and Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10, Figure 11, Figure 12, Figure 13, Figure 14, and Figure 15 list all 88 cranium-associated muscular units ever described for turtles. I provide a list of synonyms, schematic illustrations, and descriptions for criteria of homology. When naming the muscular units, as far as possible I tried to keep the nomenclature of established literature and the traditional nomenclature to retain its historical background. For example, the m. pseudotemporalis (No. 23-24) was originally named referring to the temporalis muscle of humans. To differentiate its developmental and evolutionary identity, it received the somehow misguiding prefix "pseudo". Alternatively proposed terms such as "m. anterior" or "m. adductor mandibulae posterior Pars rostralis" (Schumacher 1953-54, 1954-55a; Hacker 1954) are either of a rough topographical or a non-verified evolutionary identity of that structure (Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4; see below). Major differences to older nomenclature are on the handling of the terms Pars (portion) and musculus (muscle) and the descriptions of origin, insertion, and innervation are based on the broad scale analysis as presented herein. Some structures were either described or shown in literature, but not named or labelled at the same time. Those now gained names in the presented study.

In the following survey, I discuss the evolutionary identity of some critical structures and argue for the terminology as introduced within (Appendix 1). A word of caution: Currently no consensus exists about the developmental, evolutionary, or functionary identity of several cranium-associated muscles in turtles (Edgeworth 1935; Rieppel 1990; Eger 2006). Hence, the presented nomenclature of muscles are of a preliminary kind, and the identity and homology of several muscles still have to be tested in more comprehensive studies.

 

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Cranial turtle musculature
Plain-Language & Multilingual  Abstracts | Abstract | Introduction | Materials and Techniques
New Nomenclature and the Synonymy of Cranial Musculature in Turtles
The Cranio-Cervical Skeleton of Emydura subglobosa  | Cranium Associated Musculature in Emydura subglobosa
Nomenclature of Turtle Cranial Musculature | Hierarchy of Homology
Dynamic Model of Muscle Evolution and Development
Homology of Particular Muscular Structures in Turtles | Conclusions
Acknowledgments | References |
Appendix 1 | Appendix 2 | Appendix 3 | Appendix 4 | Appendix 5 | Appendix 6 | Appendix 7
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