Allosaurus feeding: Tables

TABLE 1. Centers of mass of neck segments with varying tracheal diameters, and a head with a uniform assumed density and with air spaces. The dimensions are relative to the centers of the model's coordinate system. Theoretical models with no air spaces are designated Solid.

TABLE 2. Inertial properties of neck divisions and the head of Allosaurus, estimated assuming no air spaces and the density α_tissue=1060 kg/m^³ (that of muscle). For neck segments, I_xx is about a vertical x axis and primarily resists lateroflexion (yaw). I_yy is about a longitudinal y axis and resists roll. I_zz is about the transverse z axis and resists dorsoventral movements (pitch). Note that segment C2-1 tapers anteriorly and behaves differently than other segments. For the head, the x axis is horizontal and I_xx resists pitch; the y axis is vertical and I_yy resists lateroflexion; and the z axis is longitudinal and I_zz resists roll.

  TABLE 3. Volumes and inertial properties of the head of Allosaurus, calculated for varying tissue densities. As in Table 2 values for the head, the x axis is horizontal and I_xx resists pitch; the y axis is vertical and I_yy resists lateroflexion; and the z axis is longitudinal and I_zz resists roll.

TABLE 4. Inertial properties of Allosaurus neck segments, estimated with average tracheal diameters of 6.768 cm (from a regression for all birds), and 4 cm (regression for chickens and relatives; Hinds and Calder, 1971). Mass moments of inertia are as in Table 2 values for neck segments. I_xx is about a vertical x axis and primarily resists lateroflexion (yaw). I_yy is about a longitudinal y axis and resists roll. I_zz is about the transverse z axis and resists dorsoventral movements (pitch).

  TABLE 5. Dimensions, baseline specific tension ST of 55 N/cm^² (O'Brien et al., 2010), and F_max of reconstructed muscles of Allosaurus. Abbreviations: MTCP=musculus transversospinalis capitis; MTCR=musculus transversospinalis cervicis; MLCS=musculus longissimus capitis superficialis; MLCP= musculus longissimus capitits profundus; MRCA=musculus rectus capitis anterior/ventralis.