Table 1. Summary of specimens used in the training set. F:AMNH refers to the Frick collections of the AMNH; UCMP is the University of California Museum of Paleontology collections. "Hemiauchenia" minima and H. edensis were reassigned by Webb et al. (2008) from Procamelus (Frick, 1921). "H." minima was suggested to be different enough from H. vera that it should have its own generic identification (Webb et al., 1981). Pleiolama vera was reassigned from Hemiauchenia by Webb and Meachen (2004).
|
Taxon |
Location |
Collection |
n |
|
Aepycamelus |
Mixon's Bone Bed, Levy Co., FL |
F:AMNH |
48 |
|
Megatylopus |
Guymon, Texas Co., OK |
F:AMNH |
23 |
|
Procamelus |
Blackhawk Ranch, Contra Costa Co., CA |
UCMP |
6 |
|
Alforjas |
Guymon, Texas Co., OK |
F:AMNH |
24 |
|
"Hemiauchenia" minima |
Mixon's Bone Bed, Levy Co., FL |
F:AMNH |
66 |
|
Hemiauchenia edensis |
Mt. Eden, Riverside Co., CA |
UCMP |
5 |
|
Pleiolama |
Edison Quarry, Sherman Co., KS |
F:AMNH |
9 |
TABLE 2. Eigenvalues, percent of variance explained by each Principal Component, and eigenvectors for the PCA.
TABLE 3. Tukey HSD results for first three PC axes. Taxa not connected by the same letter are significantly different.
|
Taxon |
PC1 |
PC2 |
PC3 |
|||||||
|
Aepycamelus major |
A |
A |
A |
B |
||||||
|
Alforjas |
B |
B |
A |
C |
||||||
|
Megatylopus |
C |
A |
B |
B |
||||||
|
Procamelus |
D |
A |
B |
C |
||||||
|
Pleiolama vera |
E |
A |
A |
B |
||||||
|
"Hemiauchenia" minima |
E |
A |
A |
B |
||||||
|
Hemiauchenia edensis |
E |
A |
B |
A |
B |
C |
||||
TABLE 4. Discriminant function analysis results for training set. Known identity in rows, predicted identity in columns. Correct identifications are in bold, with the number correct followed by the percent correct in parentheses. Incorrect identifications are in blue. The last row represents Mahalanobis distance cutoffs for predictions on unknowns.
TABLE 5. As for Table 4, but reflecting leave-one-out jackknife verification.
TABLE 6. Taxonomic assignments of Thousand Creek unknown camel astragali from each of the three discriminant analyses, accompanied by probability (p) and Mahalanobis Distance. Bold name indicates acceptable identification, while a blue name indicates a rejected identification on the basis of probability (<0.5) or Mahalanobis distance too great. Probabilities and distances are similarly bold or blue to indicate acceptance or rejection. The secondary predictions are listed for each analysis, along with their probabilities and distances; no second prediction is listed if all had p<0.01.
|
Full Dataset |
Genus level |
||||||||||||
|
Loc. No |
Spec. No. |
Prediction |
p |
Dist |
2nd. Pred. |
p |
Dist |
Prediction |
p |
Dist |
2nd |
p |
Dist. |
|
2744 |
70461 |
A. major |
0.95 |
30.6 |
Megatylopus |
0.05 |
36.4 |
Aepycamelus |
0.94 |
30.7 |
Megatylopus |
0.06 |
36.3 |
|
V6570 |
164715 |
Alforjas |
0.63 |
20.3 |
Procamelus |
0.35 |
21.5 |
Alforjas |
0.63 |
20.3 |
Procamelus |
0.34 |
21.6 |
|
2744 |
70463 |
Alforjas |
0.75 |
6.7 |
Procamelus |
0.14 |
10.1 |
Alforjas |
0.77 |
6.6 |
Procamelus |
0.13 |
10.2 |
|
2744 |
164708 |
Alforjas |
0.94 |
12.6 |
Procamelus |
0.05 |
18.4 |
Alforjas |
0.94 |
12.7 |
Procamelus |
0.06 |
18.1 |
|
2744 |
164707 |
Megatylopus |
0.50 |
12.4 |
Procamelus |
0.50 |
12.4 |
Megatylopus |
0.52 |
12.3 |
Procamelus |
0.48 |
12.5 |
|
V78053 |
164712 |
Megatylopus |
0.88 |
27.4 |
Procamelus |
0.08 |
32.3 |
Megatylopus |
0.86 |
27.0 |
Procamelus |
0.11 |
31.2 |
|
V99410 |
158359 |
Megatylopus |
1.00 |
31.6 |
Megatylopus |
1.00 |
31.7 |
||||||
|
V6570 |
31379 |
Procamelus |
0.76 |
19.7 |
Alforjas |
0.23 |
22.0 |
Procamelus |
0.74 |
19.8 |
Megatylopus |
0.01 |
28.9 |
|
2744 |
164709 |
Procamelus |
0.94 |
14.2 |
Megatylopus |
0.06 |
19.7 |
Procamelus |
0.94 |
14.3 |
Megatylopus |
0.06 |
19.7 |
|
1101 |
70346 |
Procamelus |
0.94 |
19.8 |
Megatylopus |
0.05 |
25.5 |
Procamelus |
0.95 |
19.7 |
Megatylopus |
0.05 |
25.6 |
|
2744 |
164728 |
Procamelus |
0.96 |
7.9 |
Alforjas |
0.04 |
14.1 |
Procamelus |
0.95 |
7.9 |
Alforjas |
0.05 |
14.0 |
|
V78050 |
164713 |
Procamelus |
0.98 |
29.6 |
Megatylopus |
0.01 |
38.3 |
Procamelus |
0.98 |
29.7 |
Megatylopus |
0.01 |
38.5 |
|
V99448 |
157285 |
Procamelus |
0.99 |
6.1 |
Procamelus |
0.99 |
6.1 |
||||||
|
2744 |
164725 |
P. vera |
0.32 |
13.3 |
Alforjas |
0.30 |
13.4 |
Pleiolama |
0.36 |
13.4 |
Alforjas |
0.35 |
13.4 |
|
2739 |
164726 |
P. vera |
0.47 |
13.5 |
H. edensis |
0.38 |
13.9 |
Pleiolama |
0.74 |
13.5 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.26 |
15.6 |
|
2744 |
70464 |
P. vera |
0.49 |
13.7 |
"H." minima |
0.33 |
14.5 |
Pleiolama |
0.53 |
13.7 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.32 |
14.7 |
|
V91097 |
164774 |
P. vera |
0.51 |
3.7 |
Alforjas |
0.23 |
5.3 |
Pleiolama |
0.57 |
3.7 |
Alforjas |
0.26 |
5.3 |
|
V99410 |
158358 |
P. vera |
0.72 |
6.6 |
"H." minima |
0.16 |
9.6 |
Pleiolama |
0.77 |
6.6 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.17 |
9.6 |
|
V69107 |
164714 |
"H." minima |
0.45 |
11.6 |
H. edensis |
0.35 |
12.1 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.70 |
11.5 |
Pleiolama |
0.30 |
13.2 |
|
V78061 |
164716 |
"H." minima |
0.46 |
4.4 |
H. edensis |
0.44 |
4.6 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.83 |
4.3 |
Pleiolama |
0.15 |
7.8 |
|
1100 |
35633 |
"H." minima |
0.48 |
3.2 |
H. edensis |
0.42 |
3.5 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.84 |
3.1 |
Pleiolama |
0.15 |
6.5 |
|
V69106 |
164720 |
"H." minima |
0.54 |
4.7 |
H. edensis |
0.43 |
5.2 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.96 |
4.6 |
Pleiolama |
0.04 |
11.2 |
|
V6570 |
164727 |
"H." minima |
0.55 |
2.0 |
H. edensis |
0.27 |
3.5 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.76 |
2.0 |
Pleiolama |
0.24 |
4.3 |
|
V69106 |
164721 |
"H." minima |
0.55 |
7.6 |
H. edensis |
0.42 |
8.1 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.96 |
7.5 |
Pleiolama |
0.04 |
14.0 |
|
V99414 |
158399 |
"H." minima |
0.58 |
2.6 |
H. edensis |
0.34 |
3.7 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.88 |
2.5 |
Pleiolama |
0.12 |
6.5 |
|
V99448 |
157286 |
"H." minima |
0.70 |
2.2 |
H. edensis |
0.15 |
5.3 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.81 |
2.3 |
Pleiolama |
0.16 |
5.6 |
|
2744 |
164724 |
"H." minima |
0.70 |
3.2 |
H. edensis |
0.21 |
5.6 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.88 |
3.2 |
Pleiolama |
0.09 |
7.8 |
|
V69106 |
164723 |
"H." minima |
0.81 |
4.4 |
H. edensis |
0.14 |
7.9 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.94 |
4.5 |
Pleiolama |
0.06 |
10.0 |
|
V78075 |
164755 |
H. edensis |
0.37 |
7.2 |
"H." minima |
0.34 |
7.4 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.56 |
7.3 |
Pleiolama |
0.44 |
7.7 |
|
V69114 |
164718 |
H. edensis |
0.37 |
15.2 |
"H." minima |
0.16 |
16.9 |
Alforjas |
0.54 |
15.3 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.28 |
16.6 |
|
V69106 |
84648 |
H. edensis |
0.51 |
13.8 |
"H." minima |
0.35 |
14.5 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.74 |
14.3 |
Pleiolama |
0.26 |
16.4 |
|
V99414 |
157206 |
H. edensis |
0.56 |
9.8 |
"H." minima |
0.30 |
11.1 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.71 |
10.8 |
Pleiolama |
0.29 |
12.7 |
|
V99451 |
153817 |
H. edensis |
0.57 |
7.8 |
"H." minima |
0.42 |
8.4 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.97 |
8.2 |
Pleiolama |
0.03 |
15.3 |
|
V69106 |
164719 |
H. edensis |
0.72 |
6.6 |
"H." minima |
0.17 |
9.5 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.64 |
9.1 |
Pleiolama |
0.36 |
10.3 |
|
2741 |
70417 |
H. edensis |
0.75 |
14.2 |
"H." minima |
0.24 |
16.5 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.98 |
16.2 |
Pleiolama |
0.02 |
23.5 |
|
2739 |
70390 |
H. edensis |
0.79 |
16.7 |
"H." minima |
0.19 |
19.6 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.91 |
19.2 |
Pleiolama |
0.07 |
24.2 |
TABLE 6 continued.
|
Lumped "Hemiauchenia" |
|||||
|
Prediction |
p |
Dist. |
2nd |
p |
Dist |
|
Aepycamelus |
0.96 |
30.3 |
Megatylopus |
0.04 |
36.5 |
|
Alforjas |
0.69 |
19.8 |
Procamelus |
0.31 |
21.4 |
|
Alforjas |
0.80 |
6.7 |
Procamelus |
0.14 |
10.1 |
|
Alforjas |
0.94 |
12.3 |
Procamelus |
0.05 |
18.1 |
|
Procamelus |
0.50 |
11.7 |
Megatylopus |
0.50 |
11.7 |
|
Megatylopus |
0.75 |
27.0 |
Procamelus |
0.17 |
29.9 |
|
Megatylopus |
1.00 |
31.8 |
|||
|
Procamelus |
0.71 |
19.7 |
Alforjas |
0.28 |
21.6 |
|
Procamelus |
0.96 |
13.1 |
Megatylopus |
0.04 |
19.4 |
|
Procamelus |
0.91 |
19.6 |
Megatylopus |
0.09 |
24.3 |
|
Procamelus |
0.95 |
8.0 |
Alforjas |
0.05 |
14.0 |
|
Procamelus |
0.96 |
29.7 |
Megatylopus |
0.03 |
36.8 |
|
Procamelus |
0.99 |
6.1 |
Alforjas |
0.01 |
16.0 |
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.50 |
13.4 |
Alforjas |
0.49 |
13.5 |
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.98 |
14.9 |
Alforjas |
0.02 |
23.2 |
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.75 |
14.2 |
Alforjas |
0.24 |
16.4 |
|
Alforjas |
0.50 |
5.3 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.50 |
5.3 |
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.82 |
8.7 |
Alforjas |
0.18 |
11.7 |
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
1.00 |
11.4 |
|||
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.98 |
4.4 |
Alforjas |
0.02 |
11.8 |
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.99 |
3.2 |
|||
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
1.00 |
4.9 |
|||
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
1.00 |
1.9 |
|||
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
1.00 |
7.8 |
|||
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.99 |
2.7 |
|||
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.96 |
2.4 |
Alforjas |
0.04 |
8.6 |
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.96 |
3.4 |
Alforjas |
0.04 |
10.0 |
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
1.00 |
4.7 |
|||
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.99 |
7.0 |
|||
|
Alforjas |
0.64 |
15.3 |
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.36 |
16.5 |
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
1.00 |
14.3 |
|||
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
1.00 |
10.8 |
|||
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
1.00 |
8.5 |
|||
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
1.00 |
8.9 |
|||
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
1.00 |
16.5 |
|||
|
"Hemiauchenia" |
0.97 |
19.5 |
Alforjas |
0.03 |
26.8 |
