TABLE 1. Mean differences (range) in cortical thickness due to variation in kernel size [voxels], computed as an average across all four specimens. ‘↓/↑’ denote a general reduction/increase in cortical thickness, respectively.
|
Parameter
|
Base
|
Shaft
|
Head
|
Overall
|
|
Closing kernel
|
|
|
|
|
|
-1
|
7.8% ↓ (2.1-12.2)
|
3.7% ↓ (0.2-7.0)
|
9.2% ↓ (2.5-15.6)
|
4.3% ↓ (0.5-8.1)
|
|
+1
|
9.3% ↑ (2.5-22.5)
|
3.0% ↑ (0.3-5.3)
|
8.3% ↑ (2.7-14.8)
|
3.6% ↑ (0.7-6.8)
|
|
Outer kernel
|
|
|
|
|
|
-1
|
0.0% ↓ (0.0-0.1)
|
0.0% ↓ (0.0-0.1)
|
0.1% ↓ (0.1-0.2)
|
0.1% ↓ (0.0-0.1)
|
|
+1
|
0.2% ↑ (0.1-0.4)
|
0.2% ↑ (0.1-0.3)
|
0.3% ↑ (0.2-0.3)
|
0.2% ↑ (0.1-0.3)
|
|
Inner kernel
|
|
|
|
|
|
-2
|
4.0% ↓ (3.6-4.6)
|
1.2% ↓ (0.5-1.8)
|
4.0% ↓ (1.7-6.4)
|
2.4% ↓ (1.5-3.2)
|
|
+2
|
1.9% ↑ (0.1-5.4)
|
0.6% ↑ (0.2-1.2)
|
1.7% ↑ (0.2-4.0)
|
0.8% ↑ (0.3-1.2)
|
TABLE 2. Mean relative changes in BV/TV and difference in angle of maximum trabecular orientation in degrees due to variation of grid distance, sampling sphere and mesh density (averaged over top and bottom region and over all 4 specimens). ‘↓/↑’ denote a reduction/increase in BV/TV. * Pongo specimen excluded due to size mismatch.
|
Parameter
|
Relative BV/TV difference:
|
Trabecular orientation
|
|
Grid Distance
|
|
|
|
+50%
|
3.1% ↓ (0.5-6.5)
|
0.8 (0.02-2.68)
|
|
+100%*
|
4.8% ↓ (0.2-10.5)
|
2.0 (0.06-4.64)
|
|
Sample Sphere
|
|
|
|
+50%
|
2.1% ↓ (0.2-5.2)
|
0.6 (0.09-1.36)
|
|
+100%
|
3.1% ↓ (1.1-6.2)
|
0.7 (0.13-1.42)
|
|
Mesh Density
|
|
|
|
-50%
|
2.3% ↑ (1.1-4.2)
|
0.5 (0.05-1.74)
|
|
+50%
|
2.1% ↓ (0.9-3.7)
|
0.3 (0.03-0.69)
|
TABLE 3. Morphological results from the standard parameter analysis measuring cortical thickness, bone volume fraction (BV/TV), major trabecular orientation (Trab. orientation) in the dorsopalmar plane relative to the proximodistal axis, degree of anisotropy (DA) and trabecular thickness (Tb. Th.) for each metacarpal specimen.
|
Parameter
|
Gorilla
|
Homo
|
Pan
|
Pongo
|
|
Cortical thickness
|
|
|
|
|
|
Base
|
1.29mm
|
0.30mm
|
1.53mm
|
0.78mm
|
|
Shaft
|
2.40mm
|
0.74mm
|
2.33mm
|
1.54mm
|
|
Head
|
1.84mm
|
0.38mm
|
1.31mm
|
0.68mm
|
|
Overall
|
2.00mm
|
0.59mm
|
1.87mm
|
1.18mm
|
|
BV/TV
|
|
|
|
|
|
Base
|
0.28
|
0.17
|
0.17
|
0.20
|
|
Shaft
|
0.20
|
0.08
|
0.06
|
0.131
|
|
Head
|
0.37
|
0.19
|
0.23
|
0.23
|
|
Trab. Orientation
|
|
|
|
|
|
Base
|
10.6
|
3.3
|
15.2
|
13.3
|
|
Head
|
1.9
|
11.8
|
1.5
|
-0.7
|
|
DA
|
|
|
|
|
|
Base
|
1.4
|
1.6
|
1.3
|
1.4
|
|
Head
|
1.1
|
1.6
|
1.2
|
1.4
|
|
Tb. Th.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Base
|
0.23mm
|
0.14mm
|
0.17mm
|
0.27mm
|
|
Head
|
0.28mm
|
0.16mm
|
0.22mm
|
0.27mm
|
