APPENDIX 1.
Taxa examined in wing venation variability analysis. † denotes an extinct taxon.
Taxon | Reference/Depository |
Asiodixa pura | Papp et al., 2006 |
Asiodixa maculosa | Papp et al., 2006 |
Dixa aliciae | WRBU |
Dixa babai | Takahashi, 1958 |
Dixa brevis | WRBU |
Dixa californica | WRBU |
Dixa camerounensis | WRBU |
Dixa cimbrica† | Ansorge, 1992 |
Dixa clavata | WRBU |
Dixa dilatata | WRBU |
Dixa dyari | WRBU |
Dixa fluvica | WRBU |
Dixa fusca | WRBU |
Dixa hegemonica | WRBU |
Dixa hikosana | Takahashi, 1958 |
Dixa hoffmani | WRBU |
Dixa inextricata | WRBU |
Dixa johannseni | WRBU |
Dixa kaplani | Wagner et al., 1991/1992 |
Dixa kyushuensis | Takahashi, 1958 |
Dixa lobata | WRBU |
Dixa lobatus | WRBU |
Dixa longistyla | Takahashi, 1958 |
Dixa lunata | WRBU |
Dixa maculata | WRBU |
Dixa melanderi | WRBU |
Dixa minuta† | Hennig, 1966 |
Dixa minutiformis | Takahashi, 1958 |
Dixa modesta | Johannsen, 1923 |
Dixa modesto | WRBU |
Dixa naevia | WRBU |
Dixa nebulosa | WRBU |
Dixa neoaliciae | WRBU |
Dixa neohegemonica | WRBU |
Dixa nipponica | Takahashi, 1958 |
Dixa notata | WRBU |
Dixa nova | Peters, 1981 |
Dixa nubilipennis | WRBU |
Dixa obtusa | Takahashi, 1958 |
Dixa orientale | WRBU |
Dixa priscula† | Cockerell, 1921 |
Dixa puberula | Disney, 1975 |
Dixa punctata | Wagner et al., 1991/1992 |
Dixa rathyme | WRBU |
Dixa serrata | WRBU |
Dixa serrifera | WRBU |
Dixa similis | WRBU |
Dixa spiralis | WRBU |
Dixa stuckenbergi | WRBU |
Dixa submaculata | WRBU |
Dixa subobscura | Takahashi, 1958 |
Dixa terna | WRBU |
Dixa tertiaria† | Theobald, 1937 |
Dixa trilineata | Takahashi, 1958 |
Dixa xavia | WRBU |
Dixa yamatona | Takahashi, 1958 |
Dixella aegyptiaca | Wagner et al., 1991/1992 |
Dixella aestivalis | WRBU |
Dixella amphibia | Disney, 1975 |
Dixella attica | Wagner et al., 1991/1992 |
Dixella aurora | WRBU |
Dixella autumnalis | WRBU |
Dixella corensis | Peters, 1992 |
Dixella cornuta | WRBU |
Dixella curvistyla† | This study |
Dixella deltoura | WRBU |
Dixella distans† | Hennig, 1966 |
Dixella eomarginata† | This study |
Dixella fernandezae | Chaverri and Borkent, 2007 |
Dixella filicornis | Disney, 1975 |
Dixella filiforceps† | Hennig, 1966 |
Dixella fraxina | Taber, 2010 |
Dixella fuscifrons | Wagner et al., 1991/1992 |
Dixella fuscinervis | WRBU |
Dixella golanensis | Wagner et al., 1991/1992 |
Dixella hansoni | Chaverri and Borkent, 2007 |
Dixella hernandezi | Chaverri and Borkent, 2007 |
Dixella indiana | Peters and Cook, 1966 |
Dixella intacta† | This study |
Dixella israelis | Wagner et al., 1991/1992 |
Dixella jironi | Chaverri and Borkent, 2007 |
Dixella laeta | Peus, 1936 |
Dixella limai | WRBU |
Dixella lobata | Chaverri and Borkent, 2007 |
Dixella maculata | Chaverri and Borkent, 2007 |
Dixella martini | WRBU |
Dixella neozelandica | Belkin, 1968 |
Dixella nixiae | Peters, 1980 |
Dixella obscura | WRBU |
Dixella pollex | Nowell, 1980 |
Dixella pyrenaica | Peus, 1936 |
Dixella scitula | Belkin et al., 1970 |
Dixella serotina | Disney, 1975 |
Dixella shannoni | Chaverri and Borkent, 2007 |
Dixella solomonis | WRBU |
Dixella spinilobata† | This study |
Dixella succinea† | Hennig, 1966 |
Dixella suzukii | Chaverri and Borkent, 2007 |
Dixella techana | WRBU |
Dixella torrential | WRBU |
Dixella trinitensis | WRBU |
Dixella venezulensis | Chaverri and Borkent, 2007 |
Dixella vespertina | WRBU |
Dixella woodi | Chaverri and Borkent, 2007 |
Eucorethrina convexa† | Lukashevich, 1996 |
Eucorethrina flexa† | Kalugina, 1985, Lukashevich, 1996 |
Eucorethrina westwoodi† | Lukashevich et al., 2001 |
Meringodixa chalonensis | Nowell, 1951 |
Mesodixa biambulacra | Belkin et al., 1970 |
Neodixa minuta | Belkin, 1962 |
Nothodixa campbelli | Belkin, 1968 |
Nothodixa otagensis | Belkin, 1962 |
Nothodixa septentrionalis | Belkin, 1962 |
Nothodixa philpotti | Belkin, 1962 |
Syndixa mollis† | Lukashevich, 1996 |
Syndixa sibirica† | Lukashevich, 1996 |
APPENDIX 2.
Character states used in the analysis of fossil and extant dixid wing venation.
1. Vein Sc apex relative to the origin of Rs: basal [>2X vein width] (0); subbasal [<2X vein width] (1); even (2); subapical [<2X vein width] (3); apical [>2X vein width] (4).
2. Crossvein r-m origin relative to the bifurcation of Rs: basal (0); subbasal [<2X vein width] (1); even (2); subapical [<2X vein width] (3); apical (4).
3. Crossvein m-cu origin relative to the terminus of r-m: basal (0); subbasal [<2X vein width] (1); even (2); subapical [<2X vein width] (3); apical (4).
4. Vein A1 terminus relative to the origin of Rs: basal (0); subbasal [<2X vein width] (1); even (2); subapical [<2X vein width] (3); apical (4).
5. Vein A1 terminus relative to Sc terminus: basal (0); subasal [<2X vein width] (1); even with (2); subapical [<2X vein width] (3); apical (4).
6. Vein A1 terminus relative to the bifurcation of Cu: basal (0); subbasal [<2X vein width] (1); even (2); subapical [<2X vein width] (3); apical (4).
7. Vein R2+3: branched (0); unbranched (1).
8. R2+3 curvature: straight or very slightly arched (0); strongly arched (1).
9. Vein R2+3 branch relative to the bifurcation of M: basal (0); subbasal [<2X vein width] basal (1); even (2); subapical [<2X vein width] (3); apical (4).
10. Vein R1: fused to C far basal (near 3/4 wing length) of wing apex (0); closer to C than R2 and fused near wing apex (1); equidistant to C and R2 and fused near wing apex (2).
11. Vein R2: not fused with R1 (0); fused with R1 (1).
12. Rs: straight (0); sigmoidal (1).
13. Wing length/width: <2.5(0); 2.5 - 3 (1); >3 <4 (2) >4 (3).
APPENDIX 3.
Morphological data matrix (Dixidae wing and venation characters only).
Taxon | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
13 |
Dixa aliciae | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa babai | 0 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa brevis | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Dixa californica | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa camerounensis | 0 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa clavata | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa dilatata | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa dyari | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa fluvica | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa fusca | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa hegemonica | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa hikosana | 0 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa hoffmani | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa inextricata | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa johannseni | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa kaplani | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa kyushuensis | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa lobata | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa lobatus | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa longistyla | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa lunata | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa maculata | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa melanderi | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa minutiformis | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa modesta | 0 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Dixa modesto | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa naevia | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa nebulosi | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa neoaliciae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa neohegemonica | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa nipponica | 0 | - | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa notata | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa nubilipennis | 0 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa obtusa | 0 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa orientale | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa puberula | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa punctata | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Dixa rhathyme | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa serrata | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa serrifera | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa similis | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa spiralis | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa stuckenbergi | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa submaculata | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa subobscura | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa terna | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa trilineata | 0 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa xavia | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixa yamatona | 0 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa priscula | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Dixa cimbrica | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Dixa minuta | 0 | 0 | 2 | - | - | - | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa tertiaria | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Dixella aegyptiaca | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Dixella aestivalis | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella amphibia | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella attica | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Dixella aurora | 0 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella autumnalis | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella corensis | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella cornuta | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella deltoura | 0 | 2 | - | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella fernandezae | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella filicornis | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Dixella fraxina | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella fuscifrons | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella fuscinervis | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella golanensis | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella hansoni | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella hernandezi | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella indiana | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Dixella israelis | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Dixella jironi | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella laeta | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella limai | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella lobata | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella maculata | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella martini | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella neozelandica | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Dixella nixiae | 0 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixa nova | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Dixella obscura | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella pollex | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella pyrenaica | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella scitula | 2 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Dixella serotina | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella shannoni | 4 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella solomonis | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella suzukii | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella techana | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella torrentia | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella trinitensis | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella venezulensis | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella vespertina | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella woodi | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella spinilobata | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Dixella eomarginata | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dixella curvistyla | 0 | 0 | 3 | - | - | - | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Dixella intacta | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Dixella distans | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella filiforceps | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
Dixella succinea | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Mesodixa biambulacra | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Meringodixa chalonensis | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Neodixa minuta | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Asiodixa pura | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Asiodixa maculosa | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Nothodixa campbelli | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nothodixa otagensis | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Nothodixa septentrionalis | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nothodixa philpotti | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Eucorethrina convexa | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Eucorethrina flexa | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Eucorethrina westwoodi | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Syndixa mollis | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Syndixa sibirica | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 0 | 1 |