Mammals from Solna Jama Cave: Appendices

APPENDIX 1.

Measurements of the canid mandible. 1, total length (infradentale to condyle); 2, length of infradentale to angular process; 3, length of infradentale to angular indentation; 4, behind c1 to condyle length; 5, infradentale to anterior margin of masseter fossa; 6, posterior margin of c1 to posterior margin of m3; 7, length of cheek tooth row (anterior margin of p1 to posterior margin of m3); 8, length of premolar row (anterior margin of p1 to posterior margin of p4); 9, length of molar row (anterior margin of m1 to posterior margin of m3); 10, distance between mental foramina; 11, symphysis maximum diameter; 12, symphysis minimum diameter; 13, posterior margin of m3 to condyle length; 14, condyle height; 15, condyle breadth; 16, angular process to coronoid process height; 17, mandible maximum height; 18, mandible body height between p2 and p3; 19, mandible body thickness between p2 and p3; 20, mandible body height between m1 and m2; and 21, mandible body thickness between m1 and m2.

APPENDIX 2.

Measurements (left) and cusp terminology (right) of the ursid lower second molar (m2). 1, total length; 2, trigonid length from lingual side; 3, trigonid length from buccal side; 4, talonid length from lingual side; 5, talonid length from buccal side; 6, trigonid breadth; and 7, talonid breadth.

APPENDIX 3.

Measurements of the mustelid cranium. 1, total length (prosthion-acrocranion); 2, condylobasal length (prostion-occipital condyles); 3, basal length (prosthion-basion); 4, viscerocranium length (prosthion-point F); 5, neurocranium length (point F-acrocranion); 6, facial length (prosthion-point F); 7, rostrum length (prosthion-infraorbital); 8, rostrum length (anterior margin of I1 to posterior margin of M1); 9, palatal length (prosthion-staphylion); 10, C1-M1 length on alveoles (anterior margin of alveole of C1 to the posterior margin of alveole of M1); 11, upper premolars row length on alveoles (anterior margin of alveole of P2 to the posterior margin of alveole of P4); 12, breadth at zygomatic arches (zygion-zygion); 13, incisors row breadth (I3-I3 breadth); 14, maximal breadth at the canine alveoli; 15, maximal breadth at the P4 alveoli; 16, maximal breadth at the M1 alveoli; 17, least palatal breadth; 18, least breadth between infraorbital foramens; 19, least breadth between orbits (entorbital-entorbital); 20, frontal breadth (ectorbital-ectorbital); 21, postorbital least breadth (postorbital bar); 22,  maximal neurocranium breadth (euryon-euryon); 23, mastoid breadth (otion-otion); 24, maximal breadth of occipital condyles; 25, nasal aperture height; 26, nasal aperture breadth; 27, height of foramen magnum (basionopisthion); 28, breadth of foramen magnum; 29, bullae ossae length; 30, bullae ossae breadth; 31, cranial height (acrocranion-basion); and 32, maximal cranial height (staphylion-frontal).

APPENDIX 4.

Measurements of the mustelid mandible. 1, total length (condyle to infradentale); 2, angular process to infradentale length; 3, infradentale to anterior margin of masseter fossa; 4, anterior margin of c1 to posterior margin of m2; 5, cheek teeth row length (anterior margin of p2 to posterior margin of m2); 6, premolars row length (anterior margin of p2 to posterior margin of p4); 7, molars row length (anterior margin of m1 to posterior margin of m2); 8, distance between mental foramens; 9, posterior margin of m2 to condyle length; 10, angular process to coronoid process height; 11, mandible maximal height; 12, body mandible height between p3 and p4; 13, body mandible thickness between p3 and p4; 14, body mandible height between m1 and m2; 15, body mandible thickness between m1 and m2; 16, condyle height; 17, condyle breadth; 18, symphysis maximal diameter; and 19, symphysis minimum diameter.

APPENDIX 5.

Measurements (left) and cusp terminology (right) of the felid lower carnassial (m1). Abbreviatios: L, total length; L tri, trigonid length; L tal, talonid length; B tri, trigonid breadth; B tal, talonid breadth; tri, trigonid; tal, talonid; par, paraconid; pro, protoconid; met, metaconid; and hyp, hypoconid.

APPENDIX 6.

Measurements of the felid mandible. 1, total length (infradentale to condyle); 2, length of infradentale to angular process; 3, infradentale to coronoid process length; 4, infradentale to anterior margin of masseter fossa; 5, anterior margin of c1 to posterior margin of m1; 6, posterior margin of c1 to posterior margin of m1; 7, diastema length; 8, length of cheek tooth row (anterior margin of p3 to posterior margin of m1); 9, length of premolar row (anterior margin of p3 to posterior margin of p4); 10, distance between mental foramina; 11, angular process to coronoid process height; 12, symphysis maximum diameter; 13, symphysis minimum diameter; 14, condyle height; 15, condyle breadth; 16, mandible body height before p3; 17, mandible body thickness before p3; 18, mandible body height behind m1; and 19, mandible body thickness behind m1.

APPENDIX 7.

Measurements of the felid p3/p4 and m1 (modified from Schmid, 1940). Left: lateral view; right: occlusal view. Measurements of premolar: 1, total length; 2, protoconid length; 3, protoconid height; 4, anterior breadth; and 5, posterior breadth. Measurements of m1: 1, total length; 2, paraconid length; 3, paraconid height; 4, protoconid length; 5, protoconid height; 6, incisor height; and 7, breadth. Abbreviations: Pa, paraconid; Pr, protoconid; H, hypoconid; T, talonid; C, cingulum; mes, mesial side; dist, distal side; ling, lingual side; bucc, buccal side.

APPENDIX 8.

Measurements (in mm) of Gulo gulo postcranials from Solna Jama Cave. See Appendices 3 and 4 for measured parts.