TABLE 1. Summary of brachiopod taxa, locality and stratigraphic details of selected specimens for the XMT experiments.
| Sample | Species | Locality | Formation | Age | References |
| GSC26406 | Timaniella harkeri Waterhouse in Bamber and Waterhouse, 1971 | Grinnell Peninsula, Devon Island, Canada | Assistance Fm. | Roadian | Waterhouse and Waddington (1982) |
| BS-1 | Spiriferina sp. | West Timor, Indonesia | Maubisse Fm. | Wuchiapingian | Charlton et al. (2002) |
| BS-2 | Stenoscisma timorense (Hayasaka and Gan, 1940) | West Timor, Indonesia | Maubisse Fm. | Wuchiapingian | Archbold and Bird (1989) |
| ML32 | Cleiothyridina baracoodensis (Etheridge, 1903) | Carnarvon Basin, WA, Australia | Callytharra Fm. | Artinskian | Etheridge (1903), Thomas (1958) |
| TeP | Tylothyris transversa Roberts, 1971 | Bonaparte Basin, WA, Australia | Enga Sandstone | Tournaisian | Roberts (1971) |
| 3229 | Indospirifer sp. | Unknown | Unknown | Devonian | No records so far |
| CD | Cyrtospirifer whitneyi (Hall, 1858) | Rockford, Iowa, USA | Lime Creek Fm. | Frasnian | Day (1988) |
| S1 | Spiriferidae gen. sp. indet. | Skansen, Spitsbergen, Norway | Wordiekammen Fm. | Pennsylvanian | Nakamura et al. (1992) |
| F8 | Spiriferella loveni (Diener, 1903) | Kapp Starostin, Spitsbergen, Norway | Kapp Starostin Fm. | Kungurian | Gobbett (1964), Nakamura et al. (1992) |
| Q-1 | Meekella sangzhiensis Liu and Zhao in Liu et al., 1982 |
Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China | Qixia Fm. | Kungurian | Liu et al. (1982) |
| Q-2 | Tyloplecta nankingensis (Frech, 1911) | Liuyang County, Hunan Province, China | Qixia Fm. | Kungurian | Liu et al. (1982) |
TABLE 2. Summary of XMT setting, nature of brachiopod shells and their infillings, CL results of brachiopod shells, and quality of XMT images.
| Sample | X-ray beam | Resolution (µm/pixel) |
Exposure (ms) | Rotation step (°) | No. of projections | Shell mineral composition |
Nature of material inside of valve |
Cathodoluminescence of brachiopod shell# |
Degree of visibility of shell internal structures in XMT images | |
| (keV) | (µA) | |||||||||
| GSC26406* | 89 | 112 | 31.82 | 316 | 0.70 | 271 | calcite | sandstone | NL, partially SL | All internal shell structures distinctly defined; Figures 3, 13, 14 |
| BS-1 | 85 | 118 | 26.98 | 316 | 0.70 | 275 | calcite | calcite cement | SL | Dental structures and median septum well recognized; Figure 7 |
| BS-2* | 78 | 125 | 34.58 | 474 | 0.90 | 209 | calcite | quartz cement | L | Dental structures (spondylium) recognized; Figure 4 |
| ML32 | 100 | 100 | 24.90 | 316 | 0.90 | 214 | calcite | mixed carbonate-silicate | SL | Shell articulation and cardinal structure recognized; Figure 5 |
| TeP* | 88 | 112 | 31.82 | 316 | 0.70 | 271 | calcite | mixed carbonate-silicate | NL, partially SL | Dental structures poorly detected, spiralia partly recognized; Figure 6 |
| 3229* | 78 | 125 | 34.58 | 474 | 0.70 | 269 | calcite | lime mudstone | SL | Dental structures well defined, but having possible mock structures; Figure 8 |
| CD* | 88 | 112 | 32.85 | 474 | 0.90 | 209 | calcite | wackestone | L | Dental structures weakly detected; Figure 9 |
| S1 | 100 | 100 | 34.58 | 474 | 0.90 | 209 | calcite | packstone | NL, partly SL | Dental structures not sharply bounded, but distinctly recognized; Figure 10 |
| F8* | 100 | 100 | 34.58 | 474 | 0.90 | 209 | calcite | grainstone | SL, partially L | No traces of internal structures |
| Q-1* | 80 | 124 | 34.58 | 474 | 0.90 | 209 | silica | microcrystalline quartz | Dental structures poorly and partly recognized; Figure 11 | |
| Q-2 | 80 | 124 | 34.58 | 474 | 0.70 | 269 | silica | quartz cement | Cardinal structures and muscle scars distinctly defined; Figure 12 | |
| *An additional specimen has been thin sectioned for CL analysis. #NL, SL and L indicate nonluminescent, slightly luminescent and luminescent, respectively. |
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TABLE 3. Summary of EDS results, showing the elemental composition in brachiopod shell and infilling of each specimen.
| Composition of element (formula) (%) | |||||||||||
| Sample | EDS experiment area | C (CO2) | Ca (CaO) | Si (SiO2) | Mg (MgO) | Al (Al2 O3) | S (SO3) | K (K2O) | Mn (MnO) | Fe (FeO) | others |
| GSC26406* | Brachiopod shell | 59.02 | 40.98 | ||||||||
| Major grain in infilling sediment | 39.90 | 60.10 | |||||||||
| Minor grain in infilling sediment | 42.75 | 1.66 | 2.37 | 53.22 | |||||||
| BS-1 | Brachiopod shell | 58.14 | 41.86 | ||||||||
| Infilling cement | 55.34 | 44.66 | |||||||||
| BS-2* | Brachiopod shell | 53.25 | 43.94 | 1.53 | 0.22 | 1.06 | |||||
| Infilling cement | 33.06 | 66.94 | |||||||||
| ML32 | Brachiopod shell | 54.50 | 45.50 | ||||||||
| Major grain in infilling sediment | 27.27 | 72.73 | |||||||||
| Minor grain in infilling sediment | 37.85 | 8.89 | 2.45 | 5.63 | 45.19 | ||||||
| Infilling micrite | 43.23 | 55.51 | 1.25 | ||||||||
| TeP* | Brachiopod shell | 57.14 | 41.64 | 0.89 | |||||||
| Infilling material (by area) | 49.07 | 31.67 | 13.27 | 0.55 | 2.75 | 0.78 | 0.21 | 1.70 | |||
| 3229* | Brachiopod shell | 61.42 | 37.13 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.66 | |||||
| Infilling sediment | 54.35 | 38.30 | 3.72 | 0.45 | 1.09 | 0.32 | 0.91 | 0.86 | |||
| CD* | Brachiopod shell | 51.48 | 46.68 | 0.62 | 1.21 | ||||||
| Infilling sediment | 44.15 | 42.93 | 7.29 | 0.99 | 1.87 | 0.40 | 0.62 | 0.82 | 0.93 | ||
| S1 | Brachiopod shell | 51.44 | 48.56 | ||||||||
| Major grain in infilling sediment | 59.39 | 40.61 | |||||||||
| Thin layer between shell and infilling | 47.06 | 2.86 | 50.08 | ||||||||
| F8* | Brachiopod shell | 55.30 | 38.80 | 0.45 | 0.57 | 0.87 | |||||
| Infilling sediment (by area) | 59.72 | 23.82 | 10.95 | 3.66 | 0.72 | 1.13 | |||||
| Q-1* | Brachiopod shell | 35.17 | 63.61 | 0.25 | 0.97 | ||||||
| Infilling cement | 35.94 | 63.68 | 0.39 | ||||||||
| Q-2 | Major part of brachiopod shell | 34.76 | 65.24 | ||||||||
| Minor part of brachiopod shell | 52.01 | 29.37 | 18.62 | ||||||||
| Infilling cement | 33.96 | 66.04 | |||||||||
| *An additional specimen has been thin sectioned for EDS analysis. | |||||||||||
