TABLE 1. Cranium measurements of “Gazella” paotehensis from Qingyang (mm).
| TNP 00206 | TNP 03795 | |
| P2 to foramen magnum | 118.2 | - |
| lower lachrymal suture at the edge of the orbits to tip of condyle | 100.6 | - |
| foramen magnum to rear of palate in the middle | 72.0 | - |
| breadth at glenoid fossae | 56.2 | - |
| pharyngeal tubercles of basioccipital to middle of parietal | 55.8 | - |
| breadth between external auditory meatus | 57.6 | - |
| breadth between occipital condyles | 36.7 | - |
| caudal edge of foramen magnum to projection of nuchal ligament | 23.8 | - |
| rostrocaudal length of orbit | 37.8 | - |
| dorsoventral height of orbit | 38.0 | 35.8 |
| maxillary above M3 to roof of orbits | 53.6 | 52.7 |
| length of auditory bullae | 24.3 | - |
| width of auditory bullae | 14.2 | - |
| maximum breadth between nasal | 23.9 | - |
| breadth between pharyngeal tubercles | 11.7 | 8.1 |
| internal breadth between basal pedicles | 19.8 | 18.0 |
| P2-M3 | 51.3 | - |
| P2-P4 | 29.7 | - |
| M1-M3 | 22.8 | - |
| width between bases of M1 | 25.5 | 29.9 |
| width between bases of M2 | 28.1 | 32.6 |
TABLE 2. Horn cores measurements of “Gazella” paotehensis from Qingyang (mm).
| Specimen number | Type | DAP | DML | LAS | Ratio |
| TNP 00203 | L | 22.4 | 18.5 | >72.5 | 0.83 |
| R | 22.5 | 18.6 | >78.4 | 0.83 | |
| TNP 03795 | L | 24.7 | 20.8 | > 75.7 | 0.84 |
| TNP 03797 | R | 20.2 | 16.5 | > 94.8 | 0.82 |
| TNP 03798 | R | 19.8 | 16.1 | > 86.7 | 0.81 |
| TNP 05313 | L | 21.2 | 16.6 | > 92.4 | 0.78 |
| TNP 05315 | R | 23.2 | 18.7 | > 67.5 | 0.81 |
| TNP 0536 | L | 20.8 | 16.6 | > 86.5 | 0.80 |
| THP 05716 | L | 23.0 | 20.2 | > 98.2 | 0.88 |
| THP 05724 | L | 23.1 | 17.1 | > 84.1 | 0.74 |
| THP 06313 | L | 19.7 | 16.5 | > 85.9 | 0.84 |
| THP 06316 | L | 20.3 | 15.7 | > 80.1 | 0.78 |
| THP 06317 | R | 22.4 | 18.2 | > 84.1 | 0.81 |
| HP 06318 | L | 22.2 | 17.0 | > 76.7 | 0.77 |
| THP 06338 | R | 21.6 | 17.2 | > 88.5 | 0.80 |
| THP 06351 | R | 20.8 | 16.0 | > 64.1 | 0.77 |
| THP 06359 | R | 20.2 | 16.3 | > 58.7 | 0.81 |
| THP 06384 | L | 21.8 | 17.4 | > 92.8 | 0.80 |
| THP 06385 | L | 22.7 | 17.1 | > 86.4 | 0.76 |
| THP 06387 | R | 22.6 | 17.5 | > 70.4 | 0.78 |
| THP 06783 | R | 23.9 | 16.1 | > 74.7 | 0.68 |
| THP 06841 | L | 23.8 | 18.4 | > 82.7 | 0.77 |
| THP 07281 | L | 20.0 | 16.1 | > 77.5 | 0.80 |
DAP, anteroposterior diameter at the base; DML, mediolateral diameter at the base; LAS, anterior straight length, > nearly complete, missing the tip, >> far from complete; Ratio, the ratio between mediolateral and anteroposterior diameters
TABLE 3. Upper tooth measurements of “Gazella” paotehensis from Qingyang (mm).
| Specimen number | Type | L | W1 | W2 | H1 | H2 | Wear stage | Specimen number | Type | L | W1 | W2 | H1 | H2 | Wear stage |
| TNP 00205 | L P3 | 7.2 | 5.6 | 7.2 | 4.9 | - | TNP 03795 | L P4 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 8.1 | - | ||
| L P4 | 6.6 | 7.9 | 7.5 | 5.9 | - | L M3 | - | 7.6 | - | 9.8 | - | ||||
| L M1 | 9.3 | - | 9.5 | 4.9 | 4.7 | heavy | R P2 | 7.3 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 8.2 | - | |||
| L M2 | 11.5 | 9.7 | 8.7 | 6.7 | 6.9 | R P3 | 8.5 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 7.9 | - | ||||
| L M3 | 12.3 | 8.5 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 8.4 | R P4 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 6.7 | 8.4 | - | ||||
| R M1 | - | - | 9.3 | - | 4.5 | heavy | R M2 | - | - | 8.5 | - | 8.8 | moderate | ||
| R M2 | 11.4 | 9.5 | 8.7 | 6.3 | 6.6 | TNP 03866 | L P3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 9.1 | - | |||
| R M3 | 12.3 | 9.0 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 9.2 | L P4 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 8.3 | - | ||||
| TNP 00206 | L P2 | 8.4 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 6.1 | - | L M1 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 8.1 | 6.7 | 6.9 | moderate | ||
| L P3 | 7.4 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 5.9 | - | L M2 | 13.1 | 9.5 | 7.6 | 9.3 | 9.1 | ||||
| L P4 | 6.3 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 5.9 | - | R P3 | 7.7 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 8.4 | - | ||||
| L M1 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 3.8 | 4.6 | heavy | R P4 | 7.4 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 8.6 | - | |||
| L M2 | 11.0 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 7.4 | 7.3 | R M1 | 10.8 | 9.4 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.6 | moderate | |||
| R P3 | 7.5 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 5.8 | - | R M2 | 12.5 | 9.4 | 7.7 | 10.2 | 9.9 | ||||
| TNP 03093 | L P2 | 8.3 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 6.3 | - | R M3 | 13.0 | 7.9 | 6.8 | 11.4 | 12.3 | |||
| L P3 | 7.7 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 6.6 | - | THP 06928 | L P2 | 7.9 | 5.5 | 6.2 | 5.5 | - | |||
| L P4 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.0 | - | L P3 | 8.2 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 6.5 | - | ||||
| L M1 | 9.9 | 8.9 | 8.2 | 5.9 | 6.5 | middle | L P4 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 6.6 | - | |||
| L M2 | 11.6 | 9.1 | 7.7 | 8.5 | 8.4 | L M1 | 8.7 | - | 9.0 | - | 5.0 | heavy | |||
| L M3 | 11.7 | 7.9 | 6.4 | 9.4 | 10.2 | L M2 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 8.9 | 7.3 | 7.3 | ||||
| TNP 03795 | L P3 | 8.4 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 6.2 | - | L M3 | 11.6 | 8.5 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 7.6 |
L, mesiodistal length; W1, width at mesial lobe; W2, width at distal lobe; H1, height at the paracone; H2, height at the metacone.
TABLE 4. Lower tooth measurements of “Gazella” paotehensis from Qingyang (mm).
| Specimen number | Type | L | W1 | W2 | W3 | H1 | H2 | Wear stage |
| TNP 03855 | L p2 | 5.6 | 3.2 | 3.4 | - | 4.2 | - | |
| L p3 | 8.2 | 3.2 | 4.5 | - | 5.8 | - | ||
| L p4 | 9.2 | 3.9 | 5.5 | - | 7.1 | - | ||
| L m1 | 9.8 | 6.2 | 6.7 | - | 6.7 | 6.4 | moderate | |
| L m2 | 11.5 | 7.2 | 7.3 | - | 8.6 | 8.3 | ||
| L m3 | 15.9 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 4.0 | 9.4 | 8.3 | ||
| TNP 03856 | L p3 | 7.8 | 3.2 | 4.1 | - | 5.3 | - | |
| L p4 | 8.5 | 4.1 | 5.2 | - | 5.7 | - | ||
| L m1 | 9.2 | 5.9 | 6.6 | - | 5.1 | 4.8 | middle | |
| L m2 | 10.7 | 6.7 | 6.2 | - | 8.6 | 8.3 | ||
| L m3 | 14.7 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 3.9 | 9.9 | 8.3 | ||
| TNP 03857 | R p4 | 8.7 | 4.2 | 5.2 | - | 4.0 | - | |
| R m1 | 8.4 | 6.4 | 6.7 | - | 3.7 | 3.8 | heavy | |
| R m2 | 10.7 | 7.3 | 7.6 | - | 5.4 | 5.1 | ||
| R m3 | 16.1 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 5.0 | 6.6 | 6.2 | ||
| TNP 03865 | L p2 | 5.6 | 2.9 | 3.1 | - | 4.2 | - | |
| L p3 | 7.4 | 3.2 | 3.7 | - | 6.6 | - | ||
| L p4 | 9.3 | 3.6 | 4.9 | - | 7.4 | - | ||
| L m1 | 9.3 | 5.4 | 5.7 | - | 6.4 | 6.4 | moderate | |
| L m2 | 11.0 | 6.3 | 6.2 | - | 9.1 | 9.1 | ||
| L m3 | 14.9 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 3.6 | 9.5 | 8.9 | ||
| TNP 03876 | L p3 | 6.8 | 3.4 | 4.0 | - | 3.7 | - | |
| L p4 | 8.6 | 4.5 | 4.7 | - | 3.7 | - | ||
| L m1 | 7.0 | 5.7 | 6.1 | - | 2.8 | 3.0 | heavy | |
| L m2 | - | 6.5 | - | - | 6.4 | 6.9 | ||
| THP 06863 | L p4 | - | - | 4.8 | - | 6.7 | - | |
| L m1 | 9.7 | 5.5 | 5.9 | - | 6.7 | 7.3 | moderate | |
| L m2 | 11.2 | 6.3 | 6.1 | - | 8.2 | 7.5 | ||
| L m3 | 15.7 | 6.2 | 5.6 | 3.7 | 8.6 | 7.4 | ||
| THP 07326 | L p2 | 5.4 | 2.7 | 3.0 | - | 3.7 | - | |
| L p3 | 7.4 | 3.1 | 3.7 | - | 5.5 | - | ||
| L p4 | 8.4 | 3.3 | 4.7 | - | 6.3 | - | ||
| L m1 | - | 5.9 | - | - | 6.9 | 7.1 | middle | |
| L m2 | 10.7 | 6.2 | 6.1 | - | 8.4 | 8.3 | ||
| L m3 | 13.9 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 2.8 | 9.1 | 8.9 |
L, mesiodistal length; W1, width at mesial (first) lobe; W2, width at distal (second) lobe; W3, width at third lobe, especially for m3; H1, height at the protoconid for lower premolar, height at the metaconid for lower molar; H2, height at the entoconid for lower molar.
TABLE 5. Horn cores measurements of “Gazella” dorcadoides from Qingyang (mm).
| Specimen number | Type | DAP | DML | LAS | Ratio |
| TNP 00204 | L | 19.7 | 16.7 | >>40.1 | 0.85 |
| R | 19.6 | 15.7 | >>51.2 | 0.80 | |
| TNP 03854 | R | 21.9 | 17.6 | > 94.9 | 0.81 |
| TNP 03875 | R | 20.5 | 17.0 | > 76.2 | 0.83 |
| THP 06324 | L | 20.8 | 17.5 | > 77.1 | 0.84 |
| THP 06348 | R | 20.6 | 19.5 | >> 58.6 | 0.95 |
| THP 06349 | R | 21.8 | 18.3 | >> 61.4 | 0.84 |
| THP 06380 | R | 20.3 | 16.1 | > 79.8 | 0.80 |
For explanations see Table 2.
TABLE 6. Upper tooth measurements of “Gazella” dorcadoides from Qingyang (mm).
| Specimen number | Type | L | W1 | W2 | H1 | H2 | Wear stage |
| TNP 03793 | L P2 | 6.5 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 6.1 | - | |
| L P3 | 6.6 | - | 5.9 | - | - | ||
| L P4 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.1 | - | - | ||
| L M1 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.2 | - | - | heavy | |
| L M2 | 11.3 | 9.9 | 8.5 | - | - | ||
| L M3 | 11.9 | 8.3 | 6.2 | - | - | ||
| R P2 | 6.8 | 5.4 | 5.9 | - | - | ||
| R P3 | 6.9 | 5.8 | - | - | - | ||
| R M2 | 11.6 | 9.6 | - | - | - | ||
| R M3 | 11.9 | 8.6 | 6.7 | - | - | ||
| TNP 03794 | R P3 | 7.2 | 5.2 | 6.5 | 9.7 | - | |
| R P4 | 6.5 | - | - | - | - | ||
| R M1 | 10.4 | 8.5 | 7.5 | 6.2 | 7.5 | moderate | |
| R M2 | 12.6 | 8.2 | 7.2 | 10.2 | 8.8 | ||
| R M3 | 11.2 | 6.2 | 4.8 | 13.4 | 14.3 | ||
| TNP 03854 | L M2 | 10.9 | 9.2 | 8.3 | 7.6 | 7.7 | |
| R M1 | - | - | 8.5 | - | 3.8 | heavy | |
| R M2 | 11.0 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 6.4 | 6.8 | ||
| R M3 | 11.7 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 8.1 | 6.3 | ||
| TNP 03867 | R P2 | 6.9 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 7.7 | - | |
| R P3 | 7.1 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 6.5 | - | ||
| R P4 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 10.0 | - | ||
| R M1 | 10.3 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 7.0 | moderate | |
| R M2 | 11.6 | 7.9 | 7.1 | 8.7 | 8.3 | ||
| R M3 | 11.8 | 7.1 | 5.3 | 9.5 | 7.9 |
For explanations see Table 3.
TABLE 7. Lower tooth measurements of “Gazella” dorcadoides from Qingyang (mm).
| Specimen number | Type | L | W1 | W2 | W3 | H1 | H2 | Wear stage | Specimen number | Type | L | W1 | W2 | W3 | H1 | H2 | Wear stage |
| TNP 03858 | L p2 | 4.5 | 2.2 | 2.7 | - | 4.5 | - | TNP 03862 | R m2 | 11.2 | 5.8 | 5.7 | - | 8.7 | 8.7 | ||
| L p3 | 6.3 | 3.1 | 3.1 | - | 6.2 | - | TNP 03863 | L p2 | 4.4 | 2.2 | 2.5 | - | 4.2 | - | |||
| L p4 | 8.1 | 3.8 | 4.1 | - | 6.5 | - | L p3 | 6.6 | 2.5 | 3.1 | - | 5.4 | - | ||||
| L m1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | heavy | L p4 | 8.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | - | 6.4 | - | |||
| L m2 | 10.5 | 5.4 | 5.5 | - | 7.6 | 8.3 | L m1 | 8.9 | 5.2 | 5.6 | - | 5.4 | 7.3 | middle | |||
| L m3 | 15.4 | - | 5.2 | 3.7 | - | 8.6 | L m2 | 10.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | - | 8.2 | 8.9 | ||||
| TNP 03859 | R p3 | 6.5 | 2.5 | 3.3 | - | 5.2 | - | L m3 | 13.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 3.0 | 8.4 | 8.4 | |||
| R p4 | 8.4 | 3.4 | 3.8 | - | 6.6 | - | TNP 03864 | R p4 | 9.5 | 4.5 | 4.3 | - | 7.9 | - | |||
| R m1 | 8.7 | 5.3 | 5.5 | - | 5.9 | 6.8 | moderate | R m1 | - | 5.7 | - | - | 7.7 | - | moderate | ||
| R m2 | 11.5 | 5.6 | 5.8 | - | 8.4 | 9.1 | TNP 03868 | R m1 | 9.4 | 5.7 | 6.2 | - | 3.9 | 4.9 | heavy | ||
| R m3 | 13.0 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 3.2 | - | 8.1 | R m2 | 11.5 | 6.1 | 6.4 | - | 8.4 | 10.7 | ||||
| TNP 03860 | R p3 | 6.6 | 3.3 | 3.1 | - | 6.9 | - | R m3 | 16.8 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 4.2 | 14.4 | 13.9 | |||
| R p4 | 8.5 | 3.7 | 3.6 | - | 6.9 | - | THP 03028 | L p2 | 5.6 | 2.6 | 3.0 | - | 4.4 | - | |||
| R m1 | 8.6 | 5.3 | 5.4 | - | 7.3 | 7.6 | moderate | L p3 | 7.3 | 3.2 | 3.3 | - | 5.8 | - | |||
| R m2 | 12.0 | 5.7 | 5.5 | - | 8.1 | 8.7 | L p4 | 9.2 | 4.4 | 5.1 | - | 6.8 | - | ||||
| R m3 | - | 5.2 | 5.0 | - | 10.6 | 11.8 | L m1 | 10.9 | 5.1 | 5.9 | - | 5.9 | 6.7 | middle | |||
| TNP 03861 | L m1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | moderate | L m2 | 12.4 | 5.7 | 6.5 | - | 8.1 | 8.8 | ||
| L m2 | 11.2 | 5.8 | 5.6 | - | 13.0 | 12.9 | L m3 | 17.8 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 4.2 | 10.0 | 9.1 | ||||
| L m3 | 14.8 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 3.2 | 15.5 | 15.6 | THP 07000 | R p4 | 8.2 | 4.3 | 4.5 | - | 6.1 | - | |||
| TNP 03862 | R p2 | 4.4 | 2.2 | 2.3 | - | 3.9 | - | R m1 | 9.2 | 5.3 | 5.9 | - | 4.6 | 5.8 | middle | ||
| R p3 | 6.4 | 2.9 | 2.9 | - | 5.5 | - | R m2 | 11.8 | 5.5 | 5.7 | - | 6.7 | 8.3 | ||||
| R p4 | 7.4 | 4.1 | 3.7 | - | 6.8 | - | R m3 | - | 5.2 | - | - | 8.1 | - | ||||
| R m1 | 10.3 | 5.3 | 5.9 | - | 6.8 | 6.7 | moderate | ||||||||||
TABLE 8. Comparisons between “Gazella” paotehensis and “G.” dorcadoides.
| Characters | References | “Gazella” paotehensis | “Gazella” dorcadoides | “Gazella” gaudryi* |
| horn core divergence | Teilhard de Chardin and Young (1931)
Zhang and Yang (2016) |
moderate | slight | slight |
| horn core inclination in lateral view | Zhang and Yang (2016) | moderate | strong | moderate |
| weak posterior basal horn core swelling | this study | present | absent | absent |
| cranial roof | Zhang and Yang (2016) | hind part curved | hind part inclined | hind part curved |
| dorsal orbital rim | this study | wide and inclined | wide and horizontal | narrow and inclined |
| temporal ridges approach | this study | strongly, equal to foramen magnum | moderately, wider than foramen magnum | moderately, wider than foramen magnum |
| cheek teeth hypsodonty | Bohlin (1935, 1939)
Zhang and Yang (2016) |
mesodont | hypsodont | mesodont |
| size of upper P2 and P3 | Schlosser (1903) | equal | P2<P3 | P2<P3 |
| ratio of length of lower premolar row to length of lower molar row | this study | >0.60 | <0.60 | >0.60 |
| paraconid-metaconid fusion on p4 | this study | fuse in late wear | absent | absent |
| lingual stylid in the valley of paraconid and metaconid on p4 | this study | present in high frequency | absent | absent |
| ectostylids on lower molars | this study | m1-m3 | m1 | m1-m3 |
| lower molar lingual walls | Schlosser (1903)
Zhang and Yang (2016) |
outbowed | flat | outbowed |
*Based on the morphologies of specimens M 3573, M 3575, M 3576 kept in Uppsala Universitet Evolutionsmuseet.
