FIGURE 1. Location of Paleoparasitological investigations (the map from http://kimkardashiani.blogspot.ru). The finds of parasites in Proboscidea: 1 - the Beryozovsky mammoth, 2 - the Kirgilaykh mammoth, 3 - the Shandrin mammoth, 4 - Berelekh mammoth cemetery, 5 - the Zhenya Mammoth; in Perissodactyla: 6 - the Selerikan horse, 7 - horse from Ukok burial; in Artiodactyla: 8 - the Indigirka bison; in Rodentia: 9 - the Indigirka ground squirrel, 10 - Egorov’s narrow-skull vole. The finds of parasites at the archaeological sites: 11 - Caucasus dung deposits, 12 - Voymezhnoe, 13 - Zamostye-1, 2; 14 - Maray-1, 15 - Yarte-6, 16 - Nadym settlement, 17 - Ust-Voikar, 18 - Mangezeya, 19 - Zeleny Yar, 20 - Kikki-Akki, 21 - Vesakoyakha, 22 - Nyamboyto, 23 - Yaroslavl Kremlin.
FIGURE 2. The Beryozovsky mammoth. 2.1 - the exhibit of Zoological museum in St. Petersburg (photograph by A.N. Tikhonov); 2.2 - the formation of “problematic bodies” located in the submucous membrane of the stomach of mammoth; 2.3 - a separate “body” (Zalenskyi, 1909, table V, figure 7). Reproduced with permission of ZIN RAS.
FIGURE 3. Spermophilus glacialis Vinogradov, 1948 (photograph by F.N. Golenishchev). Reproduced with permission of ZIN RAS.
FIGURE 4. The mammoth calf Dima (Kirgilaykh mammoth): 4.1 - photograph taken at the discovery site (photograph by A.V. Lozhkin); 4.2 - “parasite eggs” in the blood vessels of Kirgilaykh mammoth, 4.3 - “a helminth fragment” (Ivanova, 1981, figures 15 and 16, p. 143). The figure was modified by the author.
FIGURE 5. The woman mummy from Ukok and her reconstruction. The photo was modified by the author (photograph by K.A. Bannikov, V.P. Mylnikov and reconstruction by D.V. Pozdnyakov).
FIGURE 6. The bots of Gastrophilus intestinalis De Geer, 1776 from horse stomach, Ukok burial (Shokh, 2000, figure 278, p. 253). The photo was modified by the author.
