APPENDIX 1.
Measurements of anatomical features in conifer woods of early Miocene in GVP.
| In all conifer trees | In conifer trees with resin canal | |||||||||||||
| Sample code and statistics | Genus identified | Tangential diameter of tracheids in earlywood (µm) |
Radial diameter of tracheids in earlywood (µm) |
Wall thickness of tracheids in earlywood (µm) |
Tangential diameter of tracheids in latewood (µm) |
Radial diameter of tracheids in latewood (µm) |
Wall thickness of tracheids in latewood (µm) |
Ray height (without resin canal) (µm) |
Ray width (without resin canal) (µm) |
Ray height (with resin canal) (µm) |
Ray width (with resin canal) µm) |
Tangential diameter of resin canal (µm) |
Radial diameter of resin canal (µm) |
|
| AGU04 | Juniperus | 17 (11-24) |
16 (6-28) |
6 (2-9) |
11 (3-17) |
8 (3-13) |
7 (3-12) |
53 (17-168) |
10 (6-18) |
|
- | - | - | - |
| AGU05 | Juniperus | 13 (5-19) |
12 (3-19) |
4 (1-8) |
10 (4-16) |
4 (1-9) |
5 (3-7) |
40 (23-68) |
8 (4-12) |
|
- | - | - | - |
| AGU09 | Juniperus | 15 (7-24) |
14 (9-22) |
6 (3-8) |
8 (2-16) |
3 (1-6) |
5 (3-11) |
48 (11-92) |
9 (6-11) |
- | - | - | - | |
| AGU11 | Juniperus | 15 (6-25) |
18 (10-25) |
4 (1-7) |
9 (3-16) |
4 (1-7) |
6 (3-9) |
43 (9-95) |
7 (4-11) |
- | - | - | - | |
| AGUD3 | Juniperus | 14 (9-22) |
16 (10-24) |
4 (2-6) |
8 (4-12) |
3 (1-7) |
6 (4-10) |
48 (10-198) |
7 (4-11) |
- | - | - | - | |
| AGUD07 | Juniperus | 13 (6-17) |
15 (10-19) |
3 (1-6) |
10 (3-16) |
5 (2-7) |
5 (2-7) |
37 (9-70) |
9 (6-3) |
- | - | - | - | |
| AGUD8 | Juniperus | 17 (11-21) |
18 (11-25) |
3 (1-8) |
12 (4-17) |
6 (3-11) |
7 (5-11) |
52 (18-226) |
8 (4-18) |
- | - | - | - | |
| AGUD10 | Juniperus | 13 (8-19) |
15 (10-22) |
5 (2-9) |
7 (2-12) |
4 (1-8) |
5 (3-10) |
35 (14-88) |
9 (6-11) |
- | - | - | - | |
| Mean (Range) |
15 (5-25) |
16 (3-28) |
4 (1-9) |
9 (2-17) |
5 (1-13) |
6 (2-12) |
45 (9-226) |
8 (4-18) |
- | - | - | - | ||
| INO04 | Sequoia | 18 (11-25) |
24 (14-31) |
5 (3-9) |
11 (5-18) |
7 (3-11) |
10 (5-16) |
104 (37-226) |
14 (8-19) |
- | - | - | - | |
| BUG20 | Sequoia | 32 (24-42) |
33 (21-42) |
2 (1-3) |
27 (18-38) |
19 (11-27) |
3 (2-4) |
248 (154-437) |
10 (5-15) |
- | - | - | - | |
| SOG04 | Sequoia | 30 (18-41) |
31 (24-44) |
3 (1-5) |
13 (6-22) |
4 (1-15) |
13 (10-18) |
171 (28-413) |
15 (8-27) |
- | - | - | - | |
| Mean (Range) | 26 (11-42) |
29 (14-44) |
3 (1-9) |
17 (5-38) |
10 (1-27) |
9 (1-18) |
174 (28-437) |
13 (6-27) |
- | - | - | - | ||
| BUG01 | Taxodium | 39 (26-53) |
50 (33-63) |
3 (1-5) |
31 (19-50) |
27 (20-37) |
2 (1-4) |
422 (303-569) |
18 (6-27) |
- | - | - | - | |
| INL03 | Cedrus | 20 (14-34) |
25 (18-37) |
5 (2-8) |
15 (7-22) |
8 (5-14) |
8 (5-11) |
188 (27-517) |
9 (4-15) |
- | - | - | - | |
| INO05 | Cedrus | 23 (6-38) |
38 (26-52) |
4 (1-8) |
9 (4-15) |
7 (2-14) |
14 (6-21) |
263 (49-1004) |
13 (9-17) |
- | - | - | - | |
| INO06 | Cedrus | 21 (9-37) |
26 (15-42) |
5 (3-9) |
14 (4-26) |
6 (1-15) |
13 (6-20) |
194 (52-531) |
13 (4-31) |
- | - | - | - | |
| KIR39 | Cedrus | 24 (14-33) |
31 (18-40) |
2 (1-3) |
15 (8-20) |
21 (11-33) |
3 (1-6) |
318 (133-747) |
26 (9-50) |
- | - | - | - | |
| Mean (Range) | 21 (6-38) |
30 (15-52) |
5 (1-9) |
13 (4-26) |
7 (1-15) |
12 (5-21) |
215 (27-1004) |
12 (4-31) |
- | - | - | - | ||
| AGUD02 | Picea | 16 (10-24) |
15 (9-20) |
2 (1-3) |
10 (4-16) |
11 (7-18) |
5 (3-9) |
90 (28-153) |
14 (7-20) |
240 (128-334) |
45 (43-48) |
155 (126-192) |
163 (135-193) |
|
| KUZ20 | Picea | 17 (8-26) |
33 (15-54) |
3 (1-6) |
5 (4-10) |
3 (1-6) |
5 (2-8) |
197 (131-383) |
10 (6-14) |
356 (328-405) |
42 (38-48) |
103 (75-132) |
119 (112-125) |
|
| Mean (Range) | 17 (8-26) |
24 (9-54) |
3 (1-6) |
8 (4-16) |
7 (1-18) |
5 (2-9) |
144 (28-353) |
12 (6-20) |
298 (28-405) |
44 (38-48) |
129 (75-192) |
141 (112-193) |
||
| AGU01 | Pinus | 21 (11-33) |
19 (14-28) |
8 (5-15) |
11 (3-24) |
6 (2-13) |
7 (4-13) |
168 (33-364) |
20 (16-30) |
445 (424-467) |
49 (45-53) |
149 (147-151) |
154 (147-160) |
|
| AGU22 | Pinus | 25 (7-46) |
32 (16-51) |
2 (1-6) |
9 (4-16) |
8 (3-14) |
8 (5-11) |
120 (46-237) |
13 (8-17) |
220 (196-243) |
29 (24-34) |
108 (83-141) |
116 (92-160) |
|
| AGU23 | Pinus | 20 (11-37) |
17 (9-25) |
2 (1-5) |
13 (5-23) |
9 (5-14) |
3 (1-5) |
150 (39-351) |
14 (11-16) |
280 (212-347) |
40 (38-42) |
80 (74-84) |
73 (61-104) |
|
| AGUD12 | Pinus | 22 (13-31) |
20 (11-26) |
5 (1-8) |
7 (1-16) |
5 (1-13) |
9 (5-13) |
152 (82-369) |
13 (7-21) |
290 (208-413) |
41 (38-45) |
131 (69-180) |
142 (115-173) |
|
| INO12 | Pinus | 17 (9-27) |
25 (15-38) |
4 (2-6) |
9 (3-18) |
11 (6-17) |
6 (3-8) |
105 (29-287) |
11 (4-21) |
204 (83-322) |
27 (13-38) |
69 (41-93) |
176 (142-202) |
|
| KIR21 | Pinus | 24 (12-34) |
27 (13-39) |
3 (1-5) |
8 (4-16) |
4 (1-6) |
5 (3-11) |
131 (32-371) |
13 (4-30) |
N/A | N/A | 177 (137-253) |
115 (99-133) |
|
| KUZ01 | Pinus | 25 (12-36) |
38 (18-52) |
4 (1-7) |
7 (1-4) |
5 (1-8) |
7 (3-12) |
181 (62-375) |
10 (5-17) |
382 (271-501) |
44 (36-58) |
177 (128-213) |
99 (81-124) |
|
| KUZ07 | Pinus | 26 (6-39) |
33 (16-54) |
6 (4-8) |
9 (1-27) |
6 (1-12) |
7 (5-9) |
180 |(102-425) |
18 (11-26) |
298 (273-310) |
53 (47-67) |
226 (218-236) |
272 (252-295) |
|
| KUZ09 | Pinus | 23 (6-36) |
36 (17-52) |
3 (1-6) |
8 (3-13) |
6 (1-10) |
7 (4-14) |
142 (86-198) |
13 (6-21) |
236 (170-283) |
30 (28-35) |
110 (109-111) |
120 (119-120) |
|
| KUZ17 | Pinus | 25 (15-38) |
35 (23-48) |
3 (1-5) |
7 (3-12) |
5 (1-11) |
4 (2-10) |
132 (47-287) |
14 (5-24) |
350 (320-394) |
44 (40-47) |
149 (49-354) |
N/A | |
| MEN32 | Pinus | 14 (8-25) |
22 (14-29) |
4 (2-6) |
11 (6-16) |
10 (6-18) |
3 (2-4) |
123 (64-220) |
15 (10-20) |
300 (196-403) |
55 (48-61) |
85 (74-93) |
105 (94-117) |
|
| MEN33 | Pinus | 39 (26-59) |
44 (32-55) |
7 (3-15) |
23 (13-38) |
14 (8-22) |
11 (6-19) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 194 (130-274) |
159 (122-205) |
|
| Mean (Range) | 25 (6-59) |
29 (9-55) |
4 (1-15) |
10 (1-38) |
7 (1-22) |
6 (1-19) |
144 (29-425) |
14 (4-30) |
301 (83-501) |
41 (13-67) |
138 (41-354) |
139 (61-295) |
||
| MEN19 | Podocarpus | 29 (13-40) |
32 (19-45) |
3 (1-5) |
12 (8-19) |
5 (1-10) |
7 (4-12) |
88 (22-232) |
10 (5-16) |
- | - | - | - | |
| KIR40 | Podocarpus | N/A | N/A | N/A | 15 (8-22) |
8 (3-15) |
N/A | N/A | N/A | - | - | - | - | |
| KIR70 | Podocarpus | 17 (5-25) |
18 (10-27) |
N/A | 15 (10-21) |
8 (5-11) |
N/A | 76 (39-132) |
10 (5-15) |
- | - | - | - | |
| KIR73 | Podocarpus | 20 (10-29) |
20 (15-26) |
2 (1-3) |
12 (7-20) |
6 (3-10) |
2 (1-3) |
120 (41-347) |
11 (4-18) |
- | - | - | - | |
| Mean (Range) | 22 (5-40) |
23 (10-45) |
3 (1-5) |
14 (7-22) |
7 (1-15) |
5 (1-12) |
95 (22-347) |
10 (4-18) |
- | - | - | - | ||
APPENDIX 2.
Measurements of anatomical features in broad-leaved tree woods of early Miocene in GVP.
| In diffuse porous trees | In ring porous trees | In all trees | In ring porous trees | In trees having two types of rays | In all identified trees | |||||||||
| Sample code and statistics | Genus identified | Tangential diameter of vessels (µm) |
Radial diameter of vessels (µm) |
Tangential diameter of vessels in earlywood (µm) |
Radial diameter of vessels in earlywood (µm) |
Tangential diameter of vessels in latewood (µm) |
Radial diameter of vessels in latewood (µm) |
Vessel frequency per mm2 |
Vessel frequency per ½ mm2 in earlywood |
Vessel frequency per ½ mm2 in latewood |
Heights of tall rays (µm) | Widths of tall rays (µm) | Heights of normal rays (µm) |
Widths of normal rays (µm) |
| INL09 | Quercus sect. Ilex | 88 (30-182) |
103 (53-206) |
- | - | - | - | 26 (22-29) |
- | - | >1 mm | 249 (122-376) |
371 (162-805) |
16 (7-22) |
| KAR01 | Quercus sect. Ilex | 118 (86-139) |
130 (82-163) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | >1 mm | 251 (249-253) |
162 (110-233) |
10 (4-15) |
| KIR07 | Quercus sect. Ilex | 72 (34-108) |
109 (63-154) | - | - | - | - | 17 (13-22) |
- | - | >1 mm | 242 (215-280) |
N/A | N/A |
| KIR44 | Quercus sect. Ilex | 48 (32-67) |
54 (33-79) |
- | - | - | - | 31 (28-34) |
- | - | >1 mm | 396 (183-587) |
130 (52-331) |
10 (5-14) |
| MEN02 | Quercus sect. Ilex | 76 (48-100) |
104 (66-150) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | >1 mm | 345 (317-373) |
163 (76-319) |
13 (6-26) |
| MEN22 | Quercus sect. Ilex | 64 (22-134) |
94 (33-182) |
- | - | - | - | 20 (17-22) |
- | - | >1 mm | 107 (67-170) |
N/A | N/A |
| MEN28 | Quercus sect. Ilex | 76 (43-149) |
116 (42-183) |
- | - | - | - | 24 (20-28) |
- | - | >1 mm | 352 (236-411) |
218 (128-395) |
16 (13-19) |
| Mean (Range) | 82 (22-182) |
109 (33-206) |
- | - | - | - | 22 (13-29) |
- | - | >1 mm | 258 (67-411) |
334 (110-865) |
14 (4-26) |
|
| AGU13 | Fraxinus | - | - | 69 (26-116) |
90 (33-130) |
27 (13-46) |
24 (11-52) |
83 (67-104) |
26 (23-32) |
57 (44-72) |
- | - | 216 (58-345) |
23 (11-38) |
| MEN31 | Prunus | - | - | 55 (32-75) |
82 (33-136) |
22 (8-43) |
30 (15-50) |
67 (55-78) |
40 (37-42) |
27 (18-36) |
>1 mm | 66 (51-78) |
117 (67-156) |
7 (4-11) |
| AGU17 | Salix | 42 (20-83) |
49 (17-111) |
- | - | - | - | 182 (148-215) |
- | - | - | - | 167 (88-329) |
5 (4-7) |
| KIR34 | Salix | N/A | N/A | - | - | - | - | N/A | - | - | - | - | N/A | N/A |
| KIR59 | Salix | 104 (56-165) |
134 (69-193) |
- | - | - | - | 108 (81-136) |
- | - | - | - | 529 (211-994) |
14 (7-23) |
| MEN30 | Salix | 37 (26-56) |
43 (19-71) |
- | - | - | - | 232 (214-252) |
- | - | - | - | 232 (92-493) |
8 (4-15) |
| MEN34 | Salix | 64 (43-88) |
73 (37-104) |
- | - | - | - | 110 (92-144) |
- | - | - | - | 160 (51-282) |
12 (8-20) |
| Mean (Range) | 62 (20-165) |
75 (17-193) |
- | - | - | - | 158 (81-252) |
- | - | - | - | 272 (51-994) |
10 (4-23) |
|
| INL02 | Acer | 29 (15-47) |
31 (17-43) |
- | - | - | - | 316 (256-343) |
- | - | - | - | 308 (18-656) |
23 (4-29) |
| INL06 | Acer | 32 (11-51) |
38 (14-61) |
- | - | - | - | 214 (181-237) |
- | - | - | - | 239 (81-429) |
24 (9-48) |
| KIR02 | Acer | N/A | N/A | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 163 (45-378) |
13 (4-26) |
| KIR13 | Acer | 33 (19-57) |
41 (18-72) |
- | - | - | - | 187 (168-231) |
- | - | - | - | 291 (133-579) |
44 (20-78) |
| KIR51 | Acer | 61 (31-140) |
80 (40-150) |
- | - | - | - | N/A | - | - | - | - | 123 (70-221) |
20 (6-31) |
| KIR52 | Acer | 103 (56-158) |
111 (59-181) |
- | - | - | - | 105 92-124 |
- | - | - | - | 177 (79-318) |
21 (10-46) |
| MEN29 | Acer | 73 (51-108) |
96 (41-133) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 239 (85-477) |
32 (23-43) |
| Mean (Range) | 55 (11-158) |
66 (14-181) |
- | - | - | - | 206 (92-343) |
- | - | - | - | 220 (18-656) |
25 (4-78) |
|
| KIR14 | Ulmus | - | - | 58 (29-95) |
85 (50-144) |
14 (4-32) |
37 (27-46) |
214 (154-258) |
12 (9-14) |
202 (145-244) |
- | - | 258 (120-432) |
37 (13-63) |
| KIR65 | Ulmus | - | - | 82 (52-117) |
114 (82-169) |
27 (17-37) |
33 (20-46) |
166 (140-214) |
9 (8-9) |
157 (132-205) |
- | - | 260 (121-445) |
31 (17-56) |
| Mean (Range) | - | - | 70 (29-117) |
100 (50-169) |
21 (4-37) |
35 (20-46) |
191 (140-258) |
11 (8-14) |
180 (132-244) |
- | - | 259 (120-445) |
34 (13-63) |
|
| AGU15 | Zelkova | - | - | 62 (23-142) |
108 (55-167) |
10 (6-17) |
18 (6-42) |
338 (280-399) |
28 (20-36) |
310 (260-363) |
416 (213-854) |
47 (43-68) |
191 (125-256) |
17 (8-28) |
| AGU28 | Zelkova | - | - | 67 (26-107) |
109 (61-178) |
19 (9-36) |
18 (11-30) |
- | 20 (17-24) |
- | 420 (186-681) |
43 (31-59) |
149 (63-289) |
15 (10-21) |
| KIR01 | Zelkova | - | - | 98 (58-137) |
138 (83-182) |
21 (13-32) |
21 (8-34) |
314 (259-372) |
16 (13-18) |
298 (246-354) |
300 (80-482) |
32 (22-44) |
144 (113-204) |
11 (6-15) |
| Mean (Range) | - | - | 76 (23-142) |
118 (55-182) |
17 (6-36) |
19 (6-42) |
325 (259-399) |
21 (13-36) |
304 (246-363) |
379 (80-854) |
41 (22-68) |
213 (63-482) |
14 (6-28) |
|
