Osteology of Rahonavis: Tables

TABLE 1. Measurements of ulna, femur, and tibia lengths in paravian taxa. Ulna, femur, and tibia percentages are of the total length of the combined elements. Taxa are listed in the same order as shown in Figure 4, with avialans listed first followed by non-avialan theropods. Rahonavis is listed twice, once within avialans and once within non-avialan theropods. * = tibiotarsal length; e = estimated. All measurements are in mm. Where multiple specimens of a taxon are known, the largest of the specimens was included. Measurements are based on the following specimens and publications: Anchiornis huxleyi (IVPP V14378; Xu et al., 2009), Archaeopteryx lithographica (NHMUK 37001; CAF), Archaeorhynchus spathula (IVPP V14287; Zhou and Zhang, 2006), Aurornis xui (YFGP-T5197; Godefroit et al., 2013b), Bambiraptor feinbergi (FIP 001; Burnham et al., 2000), Buitreraptor gonzalezorum (MPCA 245; Gianechini et al., 2018), Confuciusornis sanctus (DMNH 2454; Chiappe et al., 2008), Deinonychus antirrhopus (MCZ 4371; Ostrom, 1969), Eosinopteryx brevipenna (YFGP-T5197; Godefroit et al., 2013a), Epidexipteryx hui (IVPP V15471; Zhang et al., 2008), Hongshanornis longicresta (IVPP V14533; Zhou and Zhang, 2006), Jeholornis curvipes (YFGP-yb2; Lefèvre et al., 2014), Longipteryx chaoyangensis (IVPP V12325; Zhou and Zhang, 2006), Mahakala omnogovae (IGM 100/1033; Turner et al., 2007c), Microraptor zhaoensis (CAGS 20-7-004; Hwang et al., 2002), Pengornis houi (IVPP V15336; Zhang et al., 2013), Rapaxavis pani (DMNH D2522; Morschhauser et al., 2010), Sapeornis chaoyangensis (IVPP V12698; Zhou and Zhang, 2006), Serikornis sungei (PMOL-AB00200; Lefèvre et al., 2017), Sinornithoides youngi (IVPP V9612; Russell and Dong, 1993), Sinornithosaurus millenii (IVPP V12811; Xu et al., 1999), Xiaotingia zhengi (STM 27-2; Xu et al., 2011), Yanornis sp. (STM 9-46; Zheng et al., 2014), Yi qi (STM 31-2; Xu et al., 2015), Yixianornis grabaui (IVPP V13631; Clarke et al., 2006), and Zhouornis hani (CNU VB0903; Zhang et al., 2013).

TABLE 2. Measurements of the referred partial dentary (FMNH PA 740) of Rahonavis ostromi. All measurements are in mm.

TABLE 3. Measurements of the pre-caudal vertebrae of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. Neural spine height is measured from the dorsal margin of the neural canal to the dorsal edge of the neural spine. Maximum vertebral length includes the lengths of the pre- and postzygapophyses and thus may exceed the length of the centrum. All measurements are in mm. Interzygapophyseal length (z-z) = length from the cranial end of the prezygapophysis to the caudal end of the postzygapophysis; NA = not applicable; - = not measurable.

TABLE 4. Measurements of the caudal (Cd) vertebrae of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. Neural spine height is measured from the dorsal margin of the neural canal to the dorsal edge of the neural spine. Total vertebral height is either to the dorsal margin of the neural spine, or when that feature is absent, to the dorsal margin of the pre- or postzygapophysis. Interzygapophyseal length is measured from the cranial end of the prezygapophyses to the caudal end of the postzygapophyses. In vertebrae where the zygapophyses overhang the faces of the centrum, this measurement is equivalent to the total vertebral length and is denoted by (z-z). All measurements are in mm. NA= not applicable; - = not measurable.

TABLE 5. Measurements of the chevrons of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. Chevrons are numbered according to their number in the series and not their position relative to caudal vertebrae: chevron 1 is located behind Cd2. Pre- and post-articulation lengths are measured from the cranial and caudal margins of the articular facets, respectively. Total length is measured at the proximal end of the chevron. All measurements are in mm. NA = not applicable; - = not measurable.

TABLE 6. Measurements of the scapula and forelimb elements of the holotype (UA 8656), the referred ulna FMNH PR 2821, and the referred distal humeri (FMNH PA 746, UA 9604) of Rahonavis ostromi. The two measurements of minimum shaft diameter do not always occur at the same place on the shaft. All measurements are in mm. NA = not applicable; - = not measurable.

TABLE 7. Measurements of the pelvic girdle elements of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. When left and right elements are present, both measurements are given as left/right. All measurements are in mm. NA = not applicable; - = not measurable; * = composite measurement.

TABLE 8. Measurements of hind limb and tarsal elements of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. When left and right elements are present, both measurements are given as left/right. All measurements are in mm. NA = not applicable; - = not measurable.

TABLE 9. Measurements of pedal elements of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. When left and right elements are present, both measurements are given as left/right. Unguals are measured from the distal tip to the farthest point on the proximodorsal articulation. MT I is measured in the primitive orientation (not reversed). All measurements are in mm. NA = not applicable; - = not measurable.