TABLE 1. The tetrapod fauna of the St. Johns area exclusive of the Placerias quarry (modified from Heckert et al., 2005).
Stratigraphic Level and Area | Higher Taxa | Species-Level Taxa |
Uppermost Bluewater Creek Formation/ Blue Mesa Member, Blue Hills and Picket House Draw |
||
Basal Tetrapoda | Buettneria perfecta | |
Apachesaurus sp. | ||
Amniota incertae sedis | Kraterokheirodon colberti | |
multiple additional taxa | ||
Synapsida | Placerias sp. | |
Archosauromorpha | multiple taxa | |
Archosauriformes | Type H? teeth* | |
Type L teeth* | ||
Acaenasuchus geoffreyi | ||
Krzyzanowskisaurus hunti | ||
Phytosauria | Leptosuchus spp. | |
Aetosauria | Calyptosuchus wellesi | |
Desmatosuchus sp. | ||
Suchia | cf. Saurosuchus sp. | |
Poposaurus gracilis | ||
Rauisuchidae | Rauisuchidae indet. | |
Sphenosuchia | Parrishia sp. | |
Sphenosuchia indet. | ||
Theropoda | at least one taxon | |
trace fossils | vertebrate coprolites | |
Lower Chinle Group, Big Hollow Wash | ||
Basal Tetrapoda | Buettneria perfecta | |
Phytosauria | Smilosuchus sp. | |
Aetosauria | Calyptosuchus wellesi | |
Desmatosuchus haplocerus | ||
Rauisuchidae | “Postosuchus” sp. |
*microvertebrate morphotypes described by Heckert (2004)
TABLE 2. Instances of osteomyelitis in the literature of Mesozoic fossil archosaurs, listed in approximate stratigraphic order.
Age | Taxon | Element(s) | References and other notes | Specimen(s) |
Late Cretaceous | Majungasaurus crenatissimus | amputated tail, also possibly a left pedal phalanx | Farke and O’Connor (2007) | FMNH PR 2294 |
Late Cretaceous | Hadrosaur | tibia | Tanke in Tanke and Rothschild (2002) | CMN 41201 |
Late Cretaceous | Edmontosaurus annectens | left metacarpals III and IV* | Moodie (1926), Rothschild (1997) | USNM 3814 |
Late Cretaceous | Ankylosaurids | vertebrae | Arbour and Currie (2011); osteomyelitis or other conditions | Various |
Late Cretaceous | Tyrannosaurus rex (“Sue”) | humerus and tibia | Larson (2001), Rega and Brochu (2001), Brochu (2002) | FMNH PR 2081 |
Late Cretaceous | Tyrannosaurus rex | phalanx I-1 | Rothschild et al. (1997b); infection preceded by gout | TMP 92.36.328 |
Late Cretaceous | Tyrannosaurus rex (“Jane”) | pedal phalanx | Vittore and Henderson (2013) | BMR P2002.4.1 |
Late Cretaceous | Titanosauridae indet. | caudal vertebrae | García et al. (2017) | MCS-PV 183 |
Early Cretaceous | Tenontosaurus tilletti | dorsal rib, metacarpal IV | Hunt et al. (2019) | OMNH 58340 |
Early Cretaceous | Leaellynasaura amicagraphica | tibia | Gross et al. (1993), Hanna (2000); Woodward et al., (2018) | NMV P186047 |
Late Jurassic | Stegosaurus spp. | tail spikes | McWhinney et al., (2001) and references therein; at least two individuals | DMNH 2818; USNM 6646 |
Late Jurassic | Camptosaurus dispar | ilium | Moodie (1917), Rothschild (1997) | USNM 4282 |
Late Jurassic | Allosaurus fragilis | Peterson et al. (1972); Hanna (2002); Tanke and Rothschild (2002); multiple individuals from Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry |
UMNH VP 1657, 1528, 5599 (up to 5 elements) | |
Late Jurassic | Allosaurus jimmadseni (“Big Al”) |
multiple elements | Hanna (2002) | MOR 693 |
Late Triassic | Paratypothorax andressorum | three caudal dorsal paramedian osteoderms | Lucas (2000); Desojo et al. (2013) | SMNS 12598 |
*Reported by Moodie (1926), but the diagnosis of osteomyelitis is from Rothschild (1997). The lack of crateriform lesions and Moodie’s description of the concentric arrangement around vascular channels suggests that this may be callus development associated with fracture repair.
Acronyms: BMR, Burpee Museum of Natural History, Rockford; CMN = Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa; DMNH = Denver Museum of Nature and Science; FMNH = Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; MCS-Pv, Palaeovertebrate collection of the Museo de Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina; NMV = National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne; SMNS = Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart; TMP = Tyrell Museum of Paleontology, Drumheller; USNM = National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), Washington, DC; UMNH = Utah Museum of Natural History, Salt Lake City.
TABLE 3. Incidences of osteomyelitis in necropsied animals, U.S. National Zoo, 1980-2008. Note that Sauropsida in this database includes Crocodylia but excludes Aves.
Taxon | Instances | Total necropsies | Percentage |
Sauropsida | 12 | 2230 | 0.54% |
Crocodylia | 1 | 35 | 2.86% |
Aves | 63 | 6307 | 1.0% |
Mammalia | 80 | 7703 | 1.0% |