TABLE 1. Measurements (mm) of the mandible of “Mammut” borsoni from Kaltensundheim.
| mandible (1) | mm |
| length of preserved symphysis (slightly incomplete) | 240 |
| height of corpus mandibulae below posterior end of m3 | 160 |
| height of corpus mandibulae at level of foramen mentale | 150 |
| height of symphysis at symphyseal angle | 180 |
| min. width of symphysis | 120 |
TABLE 2. Measurements (mm) of the molar dentition of “Mammut” borsoni from Kaltensundheim.
| molars | length | max width | W-1 | W-2 | W-3 | W-4 | height |
| m2 sin | 105 | 84 | 73 | ~80 | ~84 | - | - |
| m2 dext | - | - | - | 80 | 83 | - | |
| m3 sin | 164 | 90 | 83 | 90 | 86 | 77 | 54 (2nd) |
| m3 dext | - | - | 82 | 88 | - | - | 57 (2nd) |
| m2 + m3 | 267 | - |
TABLE 3. Measurements (cm) of the long bones of “Mammut” borsoni from Kaltensundheim (measurements taken according to Göhlich, 1998). Abbreviations: Cdia - circumference of diaphysis, Dcap - depth of caput femoris, Dd - distal depth, Ddia - depth of diaphysis, Dolec - depth of olecranon from proc. anconaeus, Dp - proximal depth, Dtr - depth of trochlea, GL - greatest length, GLc - greatest length incl. caput, GLmed - greatest length medially, GLtroch - greatest length incl. trochanter, Lcrepi - length of crista epicondyluslateralis, Li - length of incisura trochlearis, Llat - greatest length laterally, Lph - physiological length, Wcap - width of caput femoris, Wd - distal width, Wdia - width of diaphysis, Wdtr - width of distal trochlea, Wolec - width of olecranon, Wp - proximal width.
| Hum dext |
Hum sin |
Rad dext |
Rad sin |
Ulna dext |
Ulna sin |
Fem dext |
Fem sin |
Tib dext |
Tib sin |
Fib sin |
|
| GL | 107 | ~101 | ~77 | 79 | 89 | 92 | 125 | 127 | 80 | 85 | ~77 |
| Lph | 97 | 100 | - | 73 | 74 | 76 | 119 | 123 | - | 74 | - |
| GLc | 98 | 101 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| GLtroch | - | - | - | - | - | - | 119 | - | - | - | - |
| Llat | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 117 | - | - | - |
| GLmed | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 77 | - | - |
| Wp | 30 | ~28 | - | 11.5 | - | 30 | - | 19 | 30 | 31 | - |
| Wcap | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20.5 | - | - | - | - |
| Dcap | - | - | - | - | - | - | 19.5 | - | - | - | - |
| Dp | 34.5 | 36.5 | - | 9 | - | - | - | 19 | - | ~22 | - |
| Li | - | - | - | - | - | 16 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Wolec | - | - | - | - | - | ~19 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Dolec | - | - | - | - | 40 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Wdia | 13 | - | 4 | 5 | - | - | 18 | 18 | 12.5 | 13 | 2.5 |
| Ddia | - | ~14 | - | 7 | - | - | 10.5 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 3.8 |
| Cdia | 52.5 | ~41 | - | 21 | 25 | - | 46.5 | 47 | 39 | 39 | 16 |
| Wdtr | 28 | 30 | - | - | 15.5 | 15 | 27 | 21 | 21 | - | - |
| Wd | - | 34 | 13 | 12 | ~20 | - | 28.5 | 31 | - | 22 | 11.5 |
| Dd | - | ~20.5 | 17 | 20 | - | - | - | - | 17.5 | 17 | 15 |
| Lcrepi | - | 40 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Dtr | - | - | - | - | 14 | 14 | 29 | 29 | - | - | - |
TABLE 4. Measurements (mm) of the proximal row of carpal bones of “Mammut” borsoni from Kaltensundheim (measurements according to Göhlich, 1998). Indicated in square brackets is/are the bone/s to which the facet articulates. Abbreviations: DdFl - depth of dist. lateral facet [for Cu], DdFm - depth of dist. medial facet [for Cr, or Ci], Ddg - max. depth of Cu diagonal, DFd - depth of dist. facet [for CI-CIII, or CII-IV, or CIV], DFdl -depth of distolateral facet [for McV], DFl - depth of lateral facet [for Ci], dFl - minimal distance between lateral facets, dFm - minimal distance between medial facets, DFp - depth of proximal facet [for Ci, Rad., or Ulna], DpFl - depth of prox. lateral facet [for Cu], DpFm - depth of prox. medial facet [for Cr, or Ci], GD - greatest depth, GH - greatest height, GW - greatest width, HdFl - height of dist. lateral facet [for Cu], HdFm - height of dist. medial facet [for Cr, or Ci], HFdl - depth of distolateral facet for [McV], HFl - height of lateral facet [for Ci], HFpa - height of palmar facet [for Ca], HFpdo - width of proximodorsal facet [for Cu], Hm - medial height, HpFl - height of prox. lateral facet [for Cu], HpFm - height of prox. medial facet [for Cr, or Ci], WD - min. width of “diaphysis”, Wd - distal width, WFd - width of dist. facets [for CI-CIII, CII-IV, or CIV], WFp - width of the proximal facet [for Ci, Rad., or Ulna], WFpa - width of palmar facet [for Ca], WFpdo - width of proximodorsal facet [for Cu], Wp - proximal width.
| Cr = Os carpi radiale (scaphoideum) |
Ci = Os carpi intermedium (lunatum) |
Cu = Os carpi ulnare (cuneiforme) |
Ca = Os carpi accessorium (pisiforme) |
||||
| GH | 138 | GH | 99 | GH | 106 | GH | 172 |
| GD | 139 | GD | 166 | GD | 135 | GD | 76 |
| GW | 87 | GW | 144 | GW | 171 | WD | 63 |
| - | - | - | - | Ddg | 202 | Wp | 86 |
| - | - | - | - | Hm | 70 | Wd | 89 |
| WFp [Ci] | 31 | WFp [Rad.] | 131 | WFp [Ulna] | 143 | WFp [Ulna] | 80 |
| DFp [Ci] | 86 | DFp [Rad.] | 136 | DFp [Ulna] | 110 | DFp [Ulna] | 34 |
| WFp [Rad.] | 50 | - | - | WFpa [Ca] | 56 | WFpdo [Cu] | 86 |
| DFp [Rad.] | 90 | - | - | HFpa [Ca] | 24 | HFpdo [Cu] | 52 |
| WFd [CI-CIII] | 67 | WFd [CII-IV] | 139 | WFd [CIV] | 159 | - | - |
| DFd [CI-CIII] | 95 | DFd [CII-IV] | 129 | DFd [CIV] | 120 | - | - |
| DFl [Ci] | 87 | DpFl [Cu] | 60 | DFdl [McV] | 107 | - | - |
| HFl [Ci] | 28 | HpFl [Cu] | 45 | HFdl [McV] | 64 | - | - |
| - | - | DdFl [Cu] | 101 | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | HdFl [Cu] | 35 | - | - | - | - |
| - | - | DpFm [Cr] | 86 | DpFm [Ci] | 40 | - | - |
| - | - | HpFm [Cr] | 39 | HpFm [Ci] | 15 | - | - |
| - | - | DdFm [Cr] | 87 | DdFm [Ci] | 60 | - | - |
| - | - | HdFm [Cr] | 25 | HdFm [Ci] | 25 | - | - |
| dFl | 22 | - | - | dFm | 14 | - | - |
TABLE 5. Measurements (mm) of the distal carpal bones of “Mammut” borsoni from Kaltensundheim (measurements according to Göhlich, 1998). Indicated in square brackets is/are the bone/s to which the facet articulates. Abbreviations: DdFl - depth of dist. lateral facet [for CIV], DdFm - depth of dist. medial [for CIII], Ddg - diagonal depth, DFd - depth of distal facet [for McI, II, III or IV], DFld - depth of laterodistal facet [ for McII], DFl - depth of lateral facet [for CII, CIII], DFm - depth of medial facet [for CI, or CII], DFp - depth of proximal facet [for Cr, Cr+Ci, Ci+Cr+Cu, or Cu], DlFd - depth of lat. distal facet [for McV], DmFd - depthof med. distal facet [for McII, or III], DpFl - depth of prox. lateral facet [for CIV], DpFm - depth of medial facet [for CIII], GD - greatest depth, GH - greatest height, GW - greatest width, HdFl - height of dist. lateral facet [for CIV], HdFm - height of dist. medial facet [for CIII], Hdo - dorsal height, HdoFl - dorsal height of lateral facet [for CIII], HdoFm - dorsal height of medial facet [for CII], HFl - height of lateral facet [for CII], HFld - height of laterodistal facet [ for McII], HFm - height of medial facet [for CI], HpaFl - palmar height of lateral facet [for CIII], HpaFm - palmar height of medial facet [for CII], HpFl - height of prox. lateral facet [for ClV], HpFm - height of prox. medial facet [for CIII], minHpFl - minimal height of prox. lateral facet [for ClV], minHpFm - minimal height of prox. medial facet [for CIII], Wdo - dorsal width, WFd - width of distal facet [for McI, II, III or IV], WFp - width of proximal facet [for Cr, Cr+Ci, Ci+Cr+Cu, or Cu], WlFd - width of med. distal facet [for McV], WmFd - width of med. distal facet [for McII, or III], Wpa - palmar width.
| CI - Os carpale primum (trapezium) |
CII - Os carpale secundum (trapezoideum) |
CIII - Os carpale tertium (magnum) |
CIV - Os carpale quartum (unciforme) |
||||
| GH | 90 | GH | 69 | GH | 113 | GH | 125 |
| - | - | - | - | Hdo | 89 | Hdo | 95 |
| GD | 101 | GD | ~120 | GD | 153 | GD | 153 |
| GW | 61 | GW | 71 | GW | 107 | GW | 136 |
| - | - | - | - | Wpa | 105 | - | - |
| - | - | - | - | Wdo | 95 | Ddg | 164 |
| WFp [Cr] | 29 | WFp [Cr+Ci] | 70-80 | WFp [Ci+Cr+Cu] | ? | WFp [Cu] | 135 |
| DFp [Cr] | 61 | DFp [Cr+Ci] | ~110 | DFp [Ci+Cr+Cu] | 123 | DFp [Cu] | 126 |
| WFd [McI] | 53 | WFd [McII] | 59 | WFd [McIII] | 59 | WFd [McIV] | 86 |
| DFd [McI] | 87 | DFd [McII] | ~105 | DFd [McIII] | 118 | DFd [McIV] | 114 |
| - | - | - | - | WmFd [McII] | 43 | WmFd [McIII] | 40 |
| - | - | - | - | DmFd [McII] | 111 | DmFd [McIII] | 117 |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | WlFd [McV] | 57 |
| - | - | HpaFl [CIII] | 43 | - | - | DlFd [McV] | 106 |
| HFl [CII] | 86 | HdoFl [CIII] | 70 | HpFl [CIV] | 59 | - | - |
| - | - | - | - | minHpFl [CIV] | 33 | - | - |
| DFl [CII] | 47 | DFl [CIII] | 67 | DpFl [CIV] | 120 | - | - |
| HFld [McII] | 32 | - | - | HdFl [CIV] | 25 | - | - |
| DFld [McII] | 33 | - | - | DdFl [CIV] | 111 | - | - |
| - | - | HFm [CI] | 55 | HpaFm [CII] | 44 | HpFm [CIII] | 63 |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | minHpFm [CIII] | 39 |
| - | - | - | - | HdoFm [CII] | 67 | DpFm [CIII] | 123 |
| - | - | DFm [CI] | 71 | DFm [CII] | 124 | HdFm [CIII] | 29 |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | DdFm [CIII] | 116 |
| GH/GD | 88.5 % | GH/GD | ~57 % | - | - | GH/GD | 81.7 % |
| GW/GD | 60.3 % | GW/GD | ~60 % | - | - | GW/GD | 88.7 % |
TABLE 6. “Mammut” borsoni from Kaltensundheim: measurements (in mm) of metacarpalia (measurements according to Göhlich, 1998). Indicated in square brackets is/are the bone/s to which the facet articulates. Abbreviations: CD - least circumference of diaphysis, Dd - max. distal depth, DD - least depth of diaphysis, DFl - depth of lateral facet [for McIII, McIV or McV], DFm - depth of medial facet [for CI, McII, or McIII], DFp - depth of proximal facet [for CI, CII, CIII, or CIV], DlFp - depth of lateral proximal facet [for CIII or CV], DmFp - depth of medial proximal facet [for CII or CIII], Dp - max. proximal depth, GL - greatest length, HFl - height of lateral facet [for McIII, McIV or McV], HFm - height of medial facet [for CI, McII, or McIII], Wd - max. distal width, Wp - max. proximal width, WD - least width of diaphysis, WFp - width of proximal facet [for CI, CII, CIII, or CIV], WlFp - width of lateral proximal facet [for CIII or CV], WmFp - width of medial proximal facet [for CII or CIII], WTr - max width of distal trochlea.
| MC I | MC II | MC III | MC IV | ||||
| GL | 150 | GL | 194 | GL | 217 | GL | 198 |
| Dp | 93 | Dp | 110 | Dp | 123 | Dp | 114 |
| Wp | 71 | Wp | 99 | Wp | 100 | Wp | 96 |
| WFp [CI] | 68 | WmFp [CII] | 66 | WmFp [CIII] | 58 | WFp [CIV] | 86 |
| DFp [CI] | 85 | DmFp [CII] | 100 | DmFp [CIII] | 116 | DFp [CIV] | 111 |
| WIFp [CIII] | 36 | WIFp [CIV] | 50 | ||||
| DFIp [CIII] | 110 | DFIp [CIV] | 119 | ||||
| DFI [McIII] | 36 | DFI [McIV] | 94 | DFI [McV] | 92 | ||
| HFI [McIII] | 100 | HFI [McIV] | 42 | HFI [McV] | 53 | ||
| DFm [CI] | 32 | DFm [McII] | 45 | DFm [McIII] | 97 | ||
| HFm [CI] | 41 | HFm [McII] | 100 | HFm [McIII] | 42 | ||
| WD | 50 | WD | 79 | WD | 77 | WD | 76 |
| DD | 64 | DD | 61 | DD | 59 | DD | 61 |
| CD | 194 | CD | 217 | CD | 227 | CD | 241 |
| Wd | 79 | Wd | 115 | Wd | 103 | Wd | 115 |
| Dd | 77 | Dd | 100 | Dd | 118 | Dd | 97 |
| WTr | - | WTr | 92 | WTr | 95 | WTr | 104 |
TABLE 7. Comparative measurements of lower m3 of “Mammut” borsoni from Kaltensundheim with values of “Mammut” borsoni and of Zygolophodon turicensis from selected European localities.
| Locality | Taxon | max length | max width | L/W | Wx100/L | Source |
| Strekov (SK), MN17 | “M.” borsoni | 160* | 85 | 1.89 | 53 | SNM; Holec, 1985 |
| Strekov (SK), MN17 | “M.” borsoni | 147.6 | 87.1 | 1.69 | 59 | Schmidt-Holouzka, 1970 |
| Strekov (SK), MN17 | “M.” borsoni | 215 | 102.2 | 2.06 | 48 | Holec, 1985 |
| Nova Vieska (SK) MN17 | “M.” borsoni | 201 | 99 | 2.03 | 49 | SNM, |
| Kaltensundheim (DE), MN16-17 | “M.” borsoni | 164 | 90 | 2.73 | 36 | own measurements |
| Sülzfeld (DE) | “M.” borsoni | 172 | 103 | 1.66 | 60 | own measurements |
| Sülzfeld (DE) | “M.” borsoni | 187 | 104 | 1.80 | 55 | own measurements |
| Hajnáčka (SK), MN 16a | “M.” borsoni | 196 | 104 | 1.88 | 53 | Fejfar, 1964 |
| Hajnáčka (SK), MN16a | “M.” borsoni | 195 | 94 | 2.07 | 48 | Schlesinger, 1922 |
| Vialette (FR), MN16 | “M.” borsoni | 181 | 104 | 1.74 | 57 | own measurements, and Lortet and Chantre, 1878 |
| Vialette (FR), MN16 | “M.” borsoni | 195 | 95 | 1.87 | 53 | Lortet and Chantre, 1878 |
| Milia (GR), MN15 | “M.” borsoni | 185 | 104.3 | 1.77 | 56 | Tsoukala and Mol, 2016 |
| Milia (GR), MN15 | “M.” borsoni | 181 | 105 | 1.72 | 58 | Tsoukala and Mol, 2016 |
| Milia (GR), MN15 | “M.” borsoni | 208.4 | 113.5 | 1.84 | 54 | Tsoukala and Mol, 2016 |
| Milia (GR), MN15 | “M.” borsoni | 209.4 | 115 | 1.82 | 55 | Tsoukala and Mol, 2016 |
| Milia (GR), MN15 | “M.” borsoni | 196 | 104 | 1.88 | 53 | Tsoukala and Mol, 2016 |
| Milia (GR), MN15 | “M.” borsoni | 198 | 107 | 1.85 | 54 | Tsoukala and Mol, 2016 |
| Audrey. (Haute-Saone) (FR), Pliocene | “M.” borsoni | 177 | 97 | 1.82 | 55 | own measurements |
| Buisson-la-Ville near Audrey (FR), Pliocene | “M.” borsoni | 190 | 99.5 | 1.90 | 52 | own measurements |
| Gros Roland near Issoire (FR), Pliocene | “M.” borsoni | 181 | 96 | 1.88 | 53 | own measurements |
| Grimolais (FR), Pliocene | “M.” borsoni | 193 | 106 | 1.82 | 55 | own measurements, and Lortet and Chantre, 1878 |
| Wörth am Rhein (DE), Pliozän | “M.” borsoni | 158 | 85 | 1.85 | 54 | Maße R. Ziegler (SMNS) |
| Alt-Lichtenwarth (AT), MN14-16 | “M.” borsoni | 198.5 | 102 | 1.95 | 51 | Thenius, 1987 |
| Ahmatovo (BUL), Levantin | “M.” obliquelophus | 176 | 95 | 1.85 | 54 | Nikolov and Kovačev, 1966 |
| Ahmatovo (BUL), Levantin | “M.” obliquelophus | 167 | 89 | 1.88 | 53 | Nikolov and Kovačev, 1966 |
| Z. turicensis | 159 | 75 | 2.12 | 47 | Göhlich, 1998 | |
| Wolkersdorf (Rochusberg) (AT), MN9-11 | Z. turicensis | 160 | 81 | 1.80 | 56 | own measurements |
| Mikulov (Czujan's pit), MN7/8 | Z. turicensis | 154 | 71 | 2.17 | 46 | own measurements |
| Mikulov (Czujan's pit), MN7/8 | Z. turicensis | 147 | 78 | 1.88 | 53 | own measurements |
| Mikulov (Czujan's pit), MN7/8 | Z. turicensis | (150) | (75) | 2 | 5 | own measurements |
| Mikulov (Czujan's pit), MN7/8 | Z. turicensis | 168 | 79 | 2.13 | 47 | own measurements |
| Mikulov (Czujan's pit), MN7/8 | Z. turicensis | 171 | 73 | 2.34 | 42 | own measurements |
| Mikulov (Czujan's pit,) MN7/8 | Z. turicensis | 166 | 73 | 22.27 | 44 | own measurements |
| Freising (DE), MN6-7/8 | Z. turicensis | 147 | 87 | 1.69 | 59 | Lehmann, 1950 |
| Freising (DE), MN6-7/8 | Z. turicensis | 141 | 76 | 1.85 | 54 | Lehmann, 1950 |
| Tutzing (DE), MN6-7/8 | Z. turicensis | 155 | 88 | 1.76 | 57 | Lehmann, 1950 |
| Tutzing (DE), MN6-7/8 | Z. turicensis | 155 | 88 | 1.76 | 57 | Lehmann, 1950 |
| Simorre (FR), MN6-MN7/8 | Z. turicensis | 156 | 69 | 2.26 | 44 | Tassy, 1977 |
| Malartic (FR), MN6 | Z. turicensis | 202 | 81 | 2.49 | 40 | Tassy, 1977 |
| Malartic (FR,) MN6 | Z. turicensis | 151 | 69 | 2.19 | 46 | Tassy, 1977 |
| Malartic (FR,) MN6 | Z. turicensis | 158 | 64 | 2.47 | 40 | Tassy, 1977 |
| Malartic (FR), MN6 | Z. turicensis | 204 | 94 | 2.17 | 46 | Tassy, 1977 |
| Malartic (FR), MN6 | Z. turicensis | 201 | 96 | 2.09 | 48 | Tassy, 1977 |
| Malartic (FR), MN6 | Z. turicensis | 159 | 75 | 2.12 | 47 | Tassy, 1977 |
| Kalksburg (AT), MN5-6 | Z. turicensis | 165 | 81 | 2.04 | 49 | Schlesinger, 1917 |
| Poysdorf (AT), MN5-6 | Z. turicensis | 211 | 87 | 2.42 | 41 | Schlesinger, 1917 |
| Klein-Hadersdorf (AT), ?MN5-6 | Z. turicensis | 156 | 65 | 2.40 | 42 | Schlesinger, 1917 |
| Rajégats (FR), MN6 | Z. turicensis | 204 | 94 | 2.17 | 46 | Tassy, 1985 |
| Rajégats (FR), MN6 | Z. turicensis | 201 | 96 | 2.13 | 47 | Tassy, 1985 |
| Hidvég (SK) | Z. turicensis | 199 | 100 | 1.99 | 50 | Holec, 1985 |
| Szabadka (SK) | Z. turicensis | 160 | 85 | 1.88 | 53 | Holec, 1985 |
| Vácz (SK) | Z. turicensis | 200 | 90 | 2.22 | 45 | Holec, 1985 |
| Turgai (KAS) Early Miocene | Z. atavus | 163 | 90 | 1.81 | 55 | Borissiak, 1936 |
| Turgai (KAS) Early Miocene | Z. atavus | 172 | 95 | 1.81 | 55 | Borissiak, 1936 |
TABLE 8. Mandible measurements (mm) of Mammutidae and comparison of the symphysis length in relation to the length of m2+m3.
| locality | taxon | length of symphysis | length m2+m3 | mandibular tusk | ratio symph/ m2+m3 |
source |
| Fort Wayne, USA (Buesching Mastodon) | M. americanum | 140 | 235 | lacking | 0.59 | UMORF |
| Hyde Park, USA | M. americanum | 135 | 273 | lacking | 0,49 | Fisher 2008 |
| D’Autrey, FR | “M.” borsoni | 110 | 270 | present | 0,41 | Bergouniou and Crouzel 1961, own measurements |
| Kaltensundheim, DE | “M.” borsoni | ~245 | 266 | present | 0.92 | this study |
| Milia, GR | “M.” borsoni, MIL 143 | 310 ventral 280 dorsal |
310 | present | 1.00 0.9 |
Tsoukala 2000, tab. 1 |
| Milia, GR | “M.” borsoni, MIL 562/563 | ca. 190 | 325 | alveolus present | 0,58 | Tsoukala and Mol 2016, table 4 |
| Vialette (juv.), FR | “M.” borsoni | very brevirostrine | (m1+2) | lacking | 0.68 | Lortet and Chantre 1878 |
| Farladani, MOL | “M.” borsoni | -- | -- | present | 0.97 | Pavlow 1893, ratio measured from plate 3, figure 5 |
| Nikolajew, UA | “M.” borsoni | very brevirostrine | ca. 330 | present | ca.0.4 | Brandt 1860 (measured from plate 1), Pavlow 1894 |
| Shanxi (Shansi), CHN | “ M.” borsoni (= Z. shansiensis), juv. | symphysis restored | m1-m3 415 |
0.54 | Hopwood 1935, plate 6, figure 5, ratio measured from Tobien 1988, figure 63b | |
| Belka, UA | “T.” turicensis (=obliquelophus or “M.” borsoni) | very juvenile | -- | present | 0,69 | Korotkevich 1988, figure 25 |
| Ahmatovo, BUL | “M.” obliquelophus | 350 | ca. 271 | alveolus present | 1.3 | Nikolov and Kovačev1966, Markov 2008 |
| Romanovka, UA | “M.” obliquelophus | 296 | sin/dext 294/287 | present | 1.01-1.03 | Mucha 1980 |
| Balta?, Podolia, UA | “M.” praetypicum | 305 | 292 | present | 1.04 | Kubiak 1972 |
| Petchana, Podolia, UA | “M.” ohioticus (= borsoni) | short | -- | lacking, no alveolus | -- | Pavlow 1894 |
| Freising, DE | Z. turicensis | symphysis restored | -- | present | 0.83 | Lehmann, 1950, ratio measured from plate 14, figure 26 |
| Wolkersdorf, AT | Z. turicensis | ca. 120 | 266 | lacking | 0.45 | own measurements |
| Villefranched’Astarac, FR | Z. turicensis | ca. 410, but symphysis largely restored | 250 | present | 1.64 | Pontier 1926, measured from plate 8. Duranthon et al. 1995 |
| Turgai, KAS | Z. “atavus” | -- | sin/dext 292/281 | present | 1.51 | Borissiak 1936, ratio measured, from plate 1, figure 4 |
| Tung Gur, CHN | Z. gobiensis | 420 | 320 | present | 1.31 | Tobien et al. 1988, measured from figure 39 |
TABLE 9. Prediction of the body mass (t) of the individual of “Mammut” borsoni from Kaltensundheim according to different methods. A: Calculated reconstruction of body mass (t) for the individual of Z. borsoni from Kaltensundheim based on different measurements of long bones, using the formula provided by Christiansen (2004): log Body mass = a + b (log x), where x is the relevant measurement. We used those measurements that were claimed by Christiansen (2004: 533) to be the most significant. The formula was deduced by Christiansen (2004) based on extant elephants (Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana), and thus the results for Zygolophodon borsoni might deviate due to somewhat different body/bone proportions. B: Reconstruction of body mass (t) using the equations provided by Larramendi (2016: 552) for adult Zygolophodon borsoni. Besides the estimated shoulder height of 300 cm, values for a smaller and a larger shoulder height were calculated.
| A Bone, measurement | mm | log10 | formula from Christiansen 2004 | Body mass Log10 |
Body mass in tons |
| Humerus dext, min. circumference |
524 | 2.7193 | -1.598 + 2.062 (log x) | 4.009 | 10.2 |
| Humerus dext, min. depth diaphysis |
140 | 2.1461 | -0.503 + 2.009 (log x) | 3.8 | 6.4 |
| Radius sin, max. length |
790 | 2.8976 | -3.838 + 2.634 (log x) | 3.794 | 6.2 |
| Radius sin min. circumference |
210 | 2.3222 | -0.754 + 2.001 (log x) | 4.646 | 6.2 |
| Ulna dext, length |
890 | 2.949 | -4.135 + 2.647 (log x) | 3.672 | 4.7 |
| Ulna dext, min. circumference |
250 | 2.3979 | -1.349 + 2.022 (log x) | 3.499 | 3.2 |
| Femur sin, physiol. length |
1230 | 3.0899 | −5.568 + 3.036 (log x) | 3.812 | 6.5 |
| Femur dext, depth diaph. |
100 | 2 | -0.912 + 2.315 (log x) | 3.718 | 5.2 |
| Tibia sin, physiol. length |
740 | 2.8692 | −3.064 + 2.378 (log x) | 3.759 | 5.7 |
| Tibia sin, max. length |
850 | 2.9294 | −3.064 + 2.378 (log x) | 3.902 | 7.9 |
| Tibia dext, min. circumference |
390 | 2.5910 | -2.724 + 2.647 (log x) | 4.135 | 13.6 |
| Mean | 6.8 | ||||
| B Shoulder height in cm | formula from Larramendi 2016 | Body mass in tons | |||
| 290 cm | 6.565 | ||||
| 300 cm | BM = 3.11 × 10-3 × SH2.569 | 7.185 | |||
| 320 cm | 8.481 | ||||
TABLE 10. Selected measurements and calculated shoulder height (cm) of the long bones of “Mammut” borsoni from Kaltensundheim, in comparison to different individuals from Milia (GR). (Data from Milia: Tsoukala and Mol, 2016; Larramendi, 2016).
| Kaltensundheim | Milia (GR) | |||||||
| max length | physiol. length |
min. circumf. | Indiv 1 max length |
Indiv. 2a max. length |
Indiv 2b max length |
Indiv. 5 max. length |
||
| Scapula | ||||||||
| Humerus dext | 107 | 97 | 52,5 | |||||
| Humerus sin | ~101 | 100 | 125 | 108 | 122.5 | |||
| Radius dext | ~77 | |||||||
| Radius sin | 79 | 73 | 21 | 97 | ||||
| Ulna dext | 89 | 74 | 25 | |||||
| Ulna sin | 92 | 76 | ||||||
| MC III | ||||||||
| Femur dext | 125 | 119 | 46,5 | |||||
| Femur sin | 127 | 123 | 47 | 150 | ||||
| Tibia dext | 80 | 39 | 87 | |||||
| Tibia sin | 85 | 74 | 39 | |||||
| Skeletal shoulder height | 301 | 390 | 390 | 410 | ||||
| Living shoulder height | 318 | |||||||
