Character list for phylogenetic analysis.
Cephalon
1. Preglabellar field large (0) or greatly reduced or absent (1)
2. Glabella narrows anteriorly (0), inflated medially (1) or parallel sided to hourglass-shaped and expanding anteriorly (2)
3. Glabellar S1 furrows distinct (0) or shallow (1) or absent (2)
4. Ratio of eye length:cranidium length less than 0.21 (0), 0.21-0.38 (1), or > 0.38 (2)
5. Posterior limbs taper (narrow anteroposteriorly) strongly laterally (0) or only slightly and are thus relatively narrow along full length (1)
6. Genal spines extend posteriorly to thoracic segment 2 or 3 (0), 4 or 5 (1) or to 6 or 7 (2)
Thorax
7. Thoracic segments ≥ 12 (0), 7 (1), 8 (2), or variable 7 or 8 in number (3)
8. 5th thoracic pleural spines short or medium (0) or much more elongate relative to those of other segments (1)
9. Axial spines or spine bases: absent (0), not preserved or present in different specimens (1), or present (2)
10. Pleural spines of thoracic segments T3-T4 and T6-T7 short (0) or moderately elongate (1)
Pygidium
11. Pygidium very reduced (0) or somewhat smaller and narrower than cephalon such that thorax tapers slightly posteriorly (1) or very nearly equal in size to cephalon (2)
12. Furrows on pygidial pleural lobes well defined (0), shallow (1), or absent (2)
13. Furrows on pygidial axis well defined (0), shallow (1), or absent (2)
14. Pygidial border narrow (0), moderately broad (1), or very broad with antero-posteriorly short axis (2)
15. Pygidial posterior border with medial concavity in dorsal view absent (0) or present (1)
16. Pygidium antero-lateral border relatively straight (0) or rounded and curved posteriorly so that whole pygidium is nearly oval (1)
17. Pygidium border without (0) or with (1) marginal spines
APPENDIX TABLE 1. Raw data cranial measurements used for this study (in millimeters) (available for download).
APPENDIX TABLE 2. Character matrix for taxa included in phylogenetic analysis.
Taxon | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 |
Amecephalus piochensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Dorypyge richhofeni | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Glossopleura boccar USNM 62703 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Glossopleura mckeei | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Glossopleura producta | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ? | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
2 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Glossopleura bion | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Anoria tontoensis USNM 62685 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Anoria lodensis USNM 78400 | 1 | 2 | ? | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ? | 0 | 2 | 1 | ? | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonoraspis californica LACM 10785 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | ? | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Glossopleura mohavensis | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Anoria bessus | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Glossopleura gigantea | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Glossopleura campbelli | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Glossopleura yatesi | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |