TABLE 1. A summary of the most recent phylogenetic definitions for higher order taxa given by Sereno and Norman.
Clade | Definition | |
Sereno 2005 | Norman 2014b | |
Ornithopoda | The least inclusive clade containing Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig, 1962 and Parasaurolophus walkeri Parks, 1922 but excluding Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis (Gilmore, 1931), Triceratops horridus Marsh, 1889, Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown, 1908. | Stem-based: all cerapodans closer to Edmontosaurus than to Triceratops (Norman et al., 2004). |
Euornithopoda | The most inclusive clade containing Parasaurolophus walkeri Parks 1922, but not Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig, 1962, Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis (Gilmore, 1931), Triceratops horridus Marsh, 1889, Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown, 1908. | |
Iguanodontia | The most inclusive clade containing Parasaurolophus walkeri Parks, 1922 but not Hypsilophodon foxii Huxley, 1869, or Thescelosaurus neglectus Gilmore, 1913. | Stem-based: Edmontosaurus regalis and all taxa more closely related to E. regalis than to the taxa subtended to the clade (Hypsilophodontia) that includes Hypsilophodon foxii and Tenontosaurus tilletti. |
Dryomorpha | The most inclusive clade containing Dryosaurus altus (Marsh, 1878) and Parasaurolophus walkeri Parks, 1922 | |
Ankylopollexia | The least inclusive clade containing Camptosaurus dispar (Marsh, 1879) and Parasaurolophus walkeri Parks, 1922. | Stem-based: Edmontosaurus regalis and all taxa more closely related to E. regalis than to Dryosaurus altus. |
Styracosterna | The most inclusive clade containing Parasaurolophus walker Parks, 1922 but not Camptosaurus dispar (Marsh, 1879). | Node-based: Batyrosaurus rozhdestvenskyi, Edmontosaurus regalis, their common ancestor, and all of its descendants. |
Hadrosauroidea | The most inclusive taxon containing Parasaurolophus walkeri Parks, 1922 but not Iguanodon bernissartensis Boulenger, 1881. | |
Hadrosauridae | The least inclusive taxon containing Saurolophus osborni Brown, 1912 and Parasaurolophus walkeri Parks, 1922 and including Hadrosaurus foulkii Leidy, 1858. | Euhadrosauria
Node-based: Parasaurolophus, Saurolophus, Edmontosaurus, their most recent common ancestor, and all of its descendants. |
TABLE 2. Phylogenetic definitions used in this analysis.
Clade | Definition | Original Author (Other Uses) |
Neornithischia | All genasaurians more closely related to Parasaurolophus walker, Parks, 1922, than to Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown, 1908 or Stegosaurus stenops Marsh, 1877. | Butler et al., 2008 |
Ornithopoda | All genasaurians more closely related to Parasaurolophus walker, Parks, 1922, than to Triceratops horridus Marsh, 1889 | Butler et al., 2008 |
Thescelosauridae | All neornithischians more closely related to Thescelosaurus neglectus Gilmore, 1913 than
to Hypsilophodon foxii Huxley, 1869, Dryosaurus altus (Marsh, 1878), or Parasaurolophus walkeri Parks 1922.
|
New, after Thescelosauridae, Buchholz, 2002
(Boyd, 2015) |
Clypeodonta | Hypsilophodon foxii, Edmontosaurus regalis, their most recent common ancestor, and all of its descendants. | Norman, 2014a |
Iguanodontia | The most inclusive clade containing Parasaurolophus walkeri Parks 1922 but not Hypsilophodon foxii Huxley, 1869, or Thescelosaurus neglectus Gilmore, 1913. | Sereno, 2005, emended from Sereno 1998 |
Rhabdodontoidea | A stem-based taxon including all taxa more closely related to Zalmoxes robustus (Nopcsa 1902) and Rhabdodon priscus Matheron 1869 than to Dryosaurus altus (Marsh, 1878). | New clade name |
Rhabdodontidae | A node-based taxon consisting of the most recent common ancestor of Zalmoxes robustus (Nopcsa 1902) and Rhabdodon priscus Matheron 1869 and all the descendants of this common ancestor. | Weishampel et al., 2003 |
Dryomorpha | The most inclusive clade containing Dryosaurus altus (Marsh, 1878) and Parasaurolophus walker, Parks 1922 | Sereno, 2005, emended from Sereno, 1986 |
Dryosauridae | The most inclusive clade containing Dryosaurus altus (Marsh, 1878) but not Parasaurolophus walkeri Parks 1922. | Sereno, 2005, emended from Milner and Norman, 1984 |
Ankylopollexia | The least inclusive clade containing Camptosaurus dispar (Marsh, 1879), Uteodon aphanoecetes (Carpenter and Wilson, 2008) and Parasaurolophus walker, Parks 1922. | This study, emended from Sereno, 1998 |
Styracosterna | The most inclusive clade containing Parasaurolophus walker Parks, 1922 but not Camptosaurus dispar (Marsh 1879) or Uteodon aphanoecetes (Carpenter and Wilson 2008). | This study, emended from Sereno, 1998 |
Iguanodontidae | The most inclusive clade containing Iguanodon bernissartensis Boulenger, 1881 but not Parasaurolophus walkeri Parks, 1922. | Sereno, 2005, emended from Sereno 1998 |
Hadrosauroidea | The most inclusive taxon containing Parasaurolophus walkeri Parks, 1922 but not Iguanodon bernissartensis Boulenger 1881, or Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis (Hooley 1925). | Sereno, 2005, emended from Sereno, 1998 |
TABLE 3. Distributions of modeled variables in Bayesian analysis.
Statistic | ESS | Mean | Standard Deviation |
Posterior | 365 | -5592 | 13.90 |
Likelihood | 343 | -4919 | 11.89 |
Birth rate (ʎ) | |||
Late Cretaceous | 979 | 0.371 | 0.106 |
Early Cretaceous | 3950 | 0.316 | 0.155 |
Late Jurassic | 1318 | 0.344 | 0.117 |
Middle Jurassic | 3823 | 0.314 | 0.155 |
Early Jurassic | 3832 | 0.315 | 0.158 |
Late Triassic | 33 | 0.288 | 0.087 |
Death rate (µ) | |||
Late Cretaceous | 995 | 0.359 | 0.109 |
Early Cretaceous | 4001 | 0.305 | 0.154 |
Late Jurassic | 3085 | 0.254 | 0.121 |
Middle Jurassic | 3809 | 0.306 | 0.156 |
Early Jurassic | 4001 | 0.307 | 0.154 |
Late Triassic | 32 | 0.278 | 0.090 |
Sampling rate (ψ) | |||
Late Cretaceous | 3836 | 1.22E-3 | 1.45E-3 |
Early Cretaceous | 3323 | 2.52E-3 | 2.08E-3 |
Late Jurassic | 4001 | 8.45E-4 | 9.15E-4 |
Middle Jurassic | 291 | 6.61E-3 | 3.99E-3 |
Early Jurassic | 99 | 7.59E-3 | 2.90E-3 |
Late Triassic | 138 | 1.03E-2 | 3.72E-3 |
Sampling proportion (ρ) | - | 0.1 | - |