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Metatherian ecomorphology: Tables

TABLE 1. Abbreviations used in text in order of appearance.

Abbreviation Definition
NALMA North American Land Mammal Age
K-Pg Cretaceous-Paleogene
KTR Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution
DTA dental topographic analysis
RFI relief index
DNE Dirichlet normal energy
OPCR orientation patch count rotated
carn carnivory
ado animal-dominated omnivory
pdo plant-dominated omnivory
frug frugivory
inv invertivory
sis soft-insect specialist
NALK North American Late Cretaceous
μCT Micro-computed tomography
ANOVA analysis of variance
MANOVA multivariate analysis of variance
HSD Tukey’s honest significant difference
DFA discriminant function analysis
DF discriminant function

 

 

TABLE 2. Extant mammalian comparative dataset. The online archives EltonTraits (Wilman et al., 2014) and Mammal DIET (Kissling et al., 2014) and a natural history compendium (Nowak, 1999) were used as the main source for determining diets, but we supplemented this data with information from the primary literature. Abbreviations for diet categories: ado = animal-dominated omnivore; carn = carnivore; frug = frugivore; inv = invertivore; pdo = plant-dominated omnivore; sis = soft-invertebrate specialist.

Species Order N Tooth position Diet Supplemental diet source(s)
Antechinus stuartii Dasyuromorphia 3 M3 inv Fox and Archer 1984
Artibeus lituratus Chiroptera 3 M2 frug Zortéa and Mendes, 1993; Parolin et al., 2016
Caluromys sp. Didelphimorphia 1 M3 pdo Robinson and Redford, 1986; Casella and Cáceres, 2006
Caluromys derbianus Didelphimorphia 1 M3 pdo Steiner, 1981; Robinson and Redford, 1986
Cheirogaleus medius Primates 3 M2 frug Fietz and Ganzhorn, 1999
Chironectes minimus Didelphimorphia 1 M3 carn Monodolfi and Padilla, 1958
Crocuta crocuta Carnivora 1 P4 carn Kruuk, H. 1972; Cooper et al., 1999
Dasyurus maculatus Dasyuromorphia 1 M3 carn Belcher et al., 2007; Andersen et al., 2017; Linley et al., 2020
Didelphis albiventris Didelphimorphia 1 M3 ado Cáceres, 2002; Cantor et al., 2010
Didelphis marsupialis Didelphimorphia 2 M3 pdo Robinson and Redford, 1986; Julien-Laferriere and Atramentowicz, 1990; Medellin, 1994
Didelphis virginiana Didelphimorphia 3 M3 ado Sandidge, 1953; Hopkins and Forbes, 1980
Eira barbara Carnivora 1 M1 carn Bisbal 1986
Eptesicus fuscus Chiroptera 3 M2 inv Whitaker 1995; Agosta and Morton 2003
Lynx rufus Carnivora 1 P4 carn Fritts and Sealander 1978; Rose and Prange 2015; Sánchez-González et al. 2018
Metachirus nudicaudatus Didelphimorphia 3 M3 ado Santori et al., 1995; Lessa and Geise, 2014
Monodelphis domestica Didelphimorphia 1 M3 ado Streilein, 1982; de Carvalho et al., 2019
Nasua narica Carnivora 2 M2 frug Gompper, 1996
Nyctinomops macrotis Chiroptera 1 M2 sis Easterla and Whitaker, 1972; Debelica et al., 2006
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Carnivora 1 M1 frug Joshi et al., 1995; Nakashima et al., 2010
Pecari tajacu Cetartiodactyla 1 M2 frug Desbiez et al., 2009
Perameles nasuta Peramelemorphia 1 M3 inv Scott et al., 1999; Thums et al., 2005
Philander opossum Didelphimorphia 3 M3 ado Hall and Dalquest 1963; Charles-Dominique et al. 1981 Atramentowicz 1988
Plecotus auritus Chiroptera 1 M2 sis Rostovskaya et al., 2000; Whitaker and Karatas, 2009
Procyon lotor Carnivora 3 M1 ado Schoonover and Marshall, 1951; Bartoszewicz et al. 2008; Rulison et al., 2012
Sarcophilus harrisii Dasyuromorphia 1 M3 carn Jones and Barmuta, 1998; Pemberton et al., 2008; Andersen et al., 2017
Scapanus orarius Soricomorpha 3 M2 sis Moore, 1933; Glendenning, 1959
Sorex vagrans Soricomorpha 3 M2 inv Clothier 1955; McCracken, 1990
Spilogale putorius Carnivora 2 M1 ado Crabb, 1941; Baker and Baker, 1975
Neotamias townsendii Rodentia 3 M2 pdo Trombulak, 1985; Carey et al., 2002
Thylamys elegans Didelphimorphia 2 M3 inv Meserve, 1981

 

 

TABLE 3. Fossil metatherian dataset. Specimen type refers to whether the original fossil specimen or a cast of the fossil specimen was μCT scanned and subsequent tooth model was used in our analyses.

Species Specimen
number		 Tooth
position		 Clade NALMA Specimen
type
Aenigmadelphys archeri OMNH 20160 M2 Alphadontidae Judithian cast
Aenigmadelphys archeri OMNH 23328 M3 Alphadontidae Judithian cast
Albertatherium primum UALVP 29611 M3 Alphadontidae Aquilan fossil
Albertatherium primum UALVP 29612 M3 Alphadontidae Aquilan fossil
Albertatherium secundum UALVP 29534 M3 Alphadontidae Aquilan fossil
Alphadon halleyi UCMP 130501 M3 Alphadontidae Judithian fossil
Alphadon marshi UCMP 52450 M3 Alphadontidae Lancian fossil
Alphadon marshi UCMP 53097 M3 Alphadontidae Lancian fossil
Alphadon sahnii OMNH 20114 M2 or M3 Alphadontidae Judithian cast
Alphadon wilsoni UALVP 3532 M3 Alphadontidae Lancian fossil
Eoalphadon clemensi MNA.V.5387 M2 Alphadontidae pre-Aquilan fossil
Eoalphadon lillegraveni MNA.V.5835 M2 Alphadontidae pre-Aquilan cast
Eoalphadon woodburnei UMNH VP 12842 M3 Alphadontidae pre-Aquilan fossil
Protalphadon foxi UCMP 109031 M3 Alphadontidae Lancian fossil
Protalphadon lulli UCMP 47446 M3 Alphadontidae Lancian fossil
Protalphadon lulli UCMP 47475 M3 Alphadontidae Lancian fossil
Turgidodon lillegraveni OMNH 20117 M2(?) Alphadontidae Judithian cast
Turgidodon madseni OMNH 20538 M3 Alphadontidae Judithian cast
Turgidodon praesagus UALVP 55849 M3 Alphadontidae Judithian fossil
Turgidodon praesagus UCMP 122168 M3 Alphadontidae Judithian fossil
Turgidodon praesagus UCMP 131345 M2 Alphadontidae Judithian fossil
Turgidodon rhaister UCMP 47366 M2 Alphadontidae Lancian fossil
Turgidodon russelli UALVP 55852 M3 Alphadontidae Judithian fossil
Turgidodon russelli UALVP 6983 M3 Alphadontidae Judithian fossil
Varalphadon creber UALVP 29525 M3 Alphadontidae Aquilan fossil
Varalphadon creber UALVP 29527 M3 Alphadontidae Aquilan fossil
Varalphadon creber UALVP 5529 M3 Alphadontidae Aquilan fossil
Varalphadon wahweapensis UALVP 5544 M3 Alphadontidae Aquilan fossil
Atokatheridium boreni OMNH 61623 M2 Deltatheridiidae pre-Aquilan cast
Glasbius intricatus UCMP 102111 M3 Glasbiidae Lancian fossil
Glasbius twitchelli UCMP 153679 M3 Glasbiidae Lancian fossil
Glasbius twitchelli UCMP 156143 M3 Glasbiidae Lancian fossil
Glasbius twitchelli UCMP 224090 M3 Glasbiidae Lancian fossil
Nortedelphys intermedius UCMP 134776 M3 Herpetotheriidae Lancian fossil
Nortedelphys jasoni UCMP 174506 M3 Herpetotheriidae Lancian fossil
Nortedelphys jasoni UCMP 177838 M3 Herpetotheriidae Lancian fossil
Nortedelphys magnus UA 2846 M3 Herpetotheriidae Lancian cast
Nortedelphys minimus UCMP 52715 M2 Herpetotheriidae Lancian fossil
Nortedelphys minimus UCMP 72211 M3 Herpetotheriidae Lancian fossil
Anchistodelphys archibaldi OMNH 21033 M3 incertae sedis Aquilan cast
Apistodon exiguus UALVP 29693 M3 incertae sedis Aquilan fossil
Dakotadens morrowi OMNH 49450 Mx incertae sedis pre-Aquilan cast
Hatcheritherium alpha YPM.VP.014911 M3 incertae sedis Lancian fossil
Hatcheritherium alpha YPM.VP.014912 M1(?) incertae sedis Lancian fossil
Iugomortiferum thoringtoni OMNH 20936 M1(?) incertae sedis Aquilan cast
Kokopellia juddi OMMH 33248 M3 incertae sedis pre-Aquilan cast
Iqualadelphis lactea UALVP 22827 M3 Pediomyidae Aquilan fossil
Iqualadelphis lactea UALVP 29676 M3 Pediomyidae Aquilan fossil
Leptalestes cooki UCMP 46306 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Leptalestes cooki UCMP 48351 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Leptalestes cooki UCMP 51344 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Leptalestes krejcii UCMP 47061 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Leptalestes krejcii UCMP 47552 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Leptalestes krejcii UCMP 52761 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Leptalestes prokrejcii UCMP 131341 M1 Pediomyidae Judithian fossil
Pediomys elegans UCMP 168701 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian cast
Pediomys elegans UCMP 47558 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Pediomys elegans UCMP 51335 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Protolambda clemensi UALVP 55855 M3 Pediomyidae Judithian fossil
Protolambda clemensi UCMP 122179 M3 Pediomyidae Judithian fossil
Protolambda clemensi UCMP 131340 M3 Pediomyidae Judithian cast
Protolambda florencae UCMP 186770 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Protolambda florencae UCMP 48331 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Protolambda florencae UCMP 51389 M2 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Protolambda florencae UCMP 52323 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Protolambda hatcheri UCMP 46232 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Protolambda hatcheri UCMP 47262 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Protolambda hatcheri UCMP 52404 M3 Pediomyidae Lancian fossil
Didelphodon vorax UCMP 187607 M3 Stagodontidae Lancian fossil
Didelphodon vorax UCMP 47304 M3(?) Stagodontidae Lancian cast
Pariadens kirklandi MNA.V.5843 M3(?) Stagodontidae pre-Aquilan fossil

 

 

TABLE 4. Phylogenetic correlation in our log-transformed DTA data for our extant comparative dataset. We report Blomberg’s K and Pagel’s lambda. P -values associated with each measurement are also reported here.

  Blomberg’s K K, p-value Pagel’s λ λ, p-value
lnDNE 0.36 0.068 0.57 1
lnRFI 0.35 0.071 0.02 0.900
lnOPCR 0.48 0.02 0.91 0.060

 

 

TABLE 5. Correlations among DTA metrics in our extant comparative dataset. DTA metric data are log-transformed. Linear regression R2 values are reported in the upper right cells of this table, with associated p -values in parentheses. Spearman’s rho values are reported in the lower left cells of the table, with associated p -values in parentheses. Significant p -values (p < 0.05) are in bold.

  lnDNE lnRFI lnOPCR
lnDNE - 0.22 (2.51e-04) 0.29 (1.49e-05)
lnRFI 0.47 (2.27e-04) - 0.04 (0.15)
lnOPCR 0.51 (5.75e-05) 0.09 (0.48) -

 

 

TABLE 6. Statistical results for the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVAs), Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) post hoc tests for the ANOVAs, and the multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) using all three DTA metrics as independent variables. For the MANOVA, Wilks’ λ = 0.141. Significant p -values (p < 0.05) are in bold.

    OPCR ANOVA
RFI		 DNE MANOVA
ALL groups F-statistic 5.303 10.95 24.16 9.165
  p-values 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Tukey HSD pairwise post hoc (p-values)    
  carn-ado 0.001 0.364 0.157  
  frug-ado 1.000 0.579 0.988  
  inv-ado 0.984 <0.001 <0.001  
  pdo-ado 0.976 0.785 0.992  
  sis-ado 0.444 <0.001 0.016  
  frug-carn 0.003 0.034 0.488  
  inv-carn <0.001 0.567 <0.001  
  pdo-carn 0.039 0.986 0.572  
  sis-carn 0.473 0.191 <0.001  
  inv-frug 0.995 <0.001 <0.001  
  pdo-frug 0.976 0.135 1.000  
  sis-frug 0.483 <0.001 0.008  
  pdo-inv 0.815 0.142 <0.001  
  sis-inv 0.229 0.867 0.112  
  sis-pdo 0.899 0.039 0.015  

 

 

TABLE 7. Coefficients of linear discriminants from the DFA and variance explained by each discriminant.

    LD1 LD2 LD3
Coefficients lnDNE -5.278 -0.384 -3.448
  lnRFI -1.493 2.433 6.100
  lnOPCR 2.433 -4.007 4.599
Variance (%)   74.01 25.71 0.28

 

 

TABLE 8. Contingency table visualization of extant mammal dietary classifications by our DFA. Rows represent the assigned diet classification, whereas the columns represent the classifications made by our DFA. Correct classifications are highlighted in dark gray along the diagonal. Incorrect classifications are highlighted in light gray. Note the number of incorrect classifications of animal-dominated omnivores and other diets as plant-dominated omnivores. Abbreviations for diet categories: ado = animal-dominated omnivore; carn = carnivore; frug = frugivore; inv = invertivore; pdo = plant-dominated omnivore; sis = soft-invertebrate specialist.

  ado carn frug inv pdo sis % correctly
classified
ado 5 0 7 1 3 0 31.3
carn 0 4 0 0 2 0 66.7
frug 1 1 6 0 2 0 60.0
inv 0 0 0 9 0 3 75.0
pdo 1 0 1 0 5 0 71.4
sis 0 0 0 1 0 4 80.0

 

 

TABLE 9. Posterior probabilities of dietary categories resulting from discriminant function analysis (DFA) of our extant mammal dataset. The highest posterior probability representing the diet identified by DFA is in bold. Posterior probabilities < 0.001 are not reported. Other posterior probabilities that are within 0.10 to the highest posterior probability are marked with an asterisk. Abbreviations for diet categories: ado = animal-dominated omnivore; carn = carnivore; frug = frugivore; inv = invertivore; pdo = plant-dominated omnivore; sis = soft-invertebrate specialist.

Species Specimen diet frug pdo ado carn inv sis
Antechinus stuartii UWBM 68899 inv 0.009 0.049 0.060 - 0.642 0.240
Antechinus stuartii UWBM 68915 inv 0.001 0.006 0.009 - 0.727 0.256
Antechinus stuartii UWBM 68916 inv - - - - 0.455* 0.545
Artibeus lituratus UWBM 62023 frug 0.470 0.098 0.428* - 0.003 0.001
Artibeus lituratus UWBM 62030 frug 0.440* 0.096 0.463 - 0.001 -
Artibeus lituratus UWBM 62034 frug 0.673 0.059 0.254 0.011 0.001 0.001
Caluromys derbianus UWBM 32255 pdo 0.047 0.344 0.251* 0.008 0.156 0.194
Caluromys sp. EA 181 pdo 0.111 0.576 0.298 0.015 - -
Cheirogaleus medius DLC 1607 frug 0.443 0.216 0.321 0.020 - -
Cheirogaleus medius DLC 1636 frug 0.512 0.182 0.305 0.001 - -
Cheirogaleus medius DLC 3640 frug 0.173 0.174 0.138 0.514 - 0.001
Chironectes minimus MVZ 173550 carn 0.032 0.671 0.147 0.148 - 0.002
Crocuta crocuta UWBM 33257 carn 0.001 0.010 0.002 0.985 - 0.002
Dasyurus maculatus UWBM 68901 carn 0.074 0.266 0.199 0.140 0.056 0.265*
Didelphis albiventris UWBM 38710 ado 0.081 0.469 0.293 0.051 0.027 0.079
Didelphis marsupialis UWBM 39942 pdo 0.443 0.169 0.382* 0.004 0.001 0.001
Didelphis marsupialis UWBM 44459 pdo 0.320* 0.320* 0.346 0.014 - -
Didelphis virginiana UWBM 39628 ado 0.129 0.427* 0.434 0.001 0.006 0.003
Didelphis virginiana UWBM 76104 ado 0.159 0.386* 0.420 0.007 0.014 0.014
Didelphis virginiana UWBM 76135 ado 0.156 0.444 0.390* 0.007 0.002 0.002
Eira barbara UWBM 39436 carn 0.383* 0.076 0.096 0.444 - -
Eptesicus fuscus UWBM 66977 inv - - - - 0.723 0.276
Eptesicus fuscus UWBM 66980 inv - - - - 0.827 0.173
Eptesicus fuscus UWBM 79331 inv - - - - 0.730 0.269
Lynx rufus OUVC 9576 carn - - - 1.000 - -
Metachirus nudicaudatus UWBM 35439 ado 0.541 0.152 0.294 0.013 - -
Metachirus nudicaudatus UWBM 35440 ado 0.347* 0.210 0.439 0.001 0.001 0.001
Metachirus nudicaudatus UWBM 35438 ado 0.372 0.335 0.279* 0.014 - -
Monodelphis domestica AMNH 261241 ado 0.007 0.149 0.078 0.002 0.384 0.380*
Nasua narica UWBM 41687 frug 0.215 0.363 0.243 0.179 - -
Nasua narica UWBM 41688 frug 0.462 0.127 0.195 0.216 - -
Nyctinomops macrotis UMMZ 113271 sis 0.005 0.008 0.018 - 0.682 0.287
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus UWBM 14711 frug 0.770 0.017 0.176 0.007 0.017 0.014
Pecari tajacu UWBM 20670 frug 0.137 0.484 0.366 0.009 0.001 0.002
Perameles nasuta UWBM 82259 inv 0.007 0.081 0.030 0.317 0.033 0.532
Philander opossum UWBM 44451 ado 0.331* 0.258 0.390 0.017 0.002 0.003
Philander opossum UWBM 44452 ado 0.133 0.497 0.315 0.050 0.001 0.004
Philander opossum UWBM 44469 ado 0.218 0.295 0.417 0.014 0.025 0.031
Plecotus auritus UMMZ 111012 sis 0.049 0.071 0.097 0.041 0.189 0.554
Procyon lotor UWBM 32812 ado 0.450 0.125 0.398* 0.005 0.013 0.009
Procyon lotor UWBM 32814 ado 0.437 0.156 0.389* 0.009 0.004 0.004
Procyon lotor UWBM 32819 ado 0.505 0.133 0.278 0.081 0.001 0.002
Sarcophilus harrisii UWBM 20671 carn 0.070 0.107 0.056 0.767 - -
Scapanus orarius UWBM 64808 sis 0.002 0.057 0.021 0.012 0.176 0.732
Scapanus orarius UWBM 64811 sis - - - - 0.278 0.722
Scapanus orarius UWBM 64820 sis - 0.001 - - 0.200 0.798
Sorex vagrans UWBM 58640 inv - - - - 0.915 0.085
Sorex vagrans UWBM 58646 inv - - - - 0.874 0.126
Sorex vagrans UWBM 60640 inv 0.069 0.009 0.080 - 0.779 0.063
Spilogale putorius UWBM 20192 ado 0.654 0.079 0.245 0.021 - -
Spilogale putorius UWBM 76080 ado 0.552 0.153 0.284 0.011 - -
Tamias townsendii UWBM 20077 pdo 0.095 0.476 0.255 0.149 0.004 0.021
Tamias townsendii UWBM 43787 pdo 0.085 0.502 0.231 0.171 0.001 0.010
Tamias townsendii UWBM 44335 pdo 0.105 0.412 0.209 0.269 0.001 0.005
Thylamys elegans UWBM 49007 inv 0.002 0.022 0.016 -

0.555

 0.405
Thylamys elegans UWBM 49057 inv 0.004 0.068 0.041 0.002 0.400* 0.485

 

 

TABLE 10. Posterior probabilities of dietary categories resulting from the discriminant function analysis (DFA) of our fossil metatherian sample. The highest posterior probability representing the diet identified by DFA is in bold. Posterior probabilities < 0.001 are not reported. Other posterior probabilities that are within 0.10 to the highest posterior probability are marked with an asterisk. Abbreviations: ado = animal-dominated omnivore; carn = carnivore; frug = frugivore; inv = invertivore; pdo = plant-dominated omnivore; pred. diet = predicted diet; sis = soft-invertebrate specialist.

Species Specimen pred. diet frug pdo ado carn inv sis
Aenigmadelphys archeri OMNH 20160 inv - 0.004 0.002 - 0.529 0.466*
Aenigmadelphys archeri OMNH 23328 inv - 0.005 0.004 - 0.725 0.266
Albertatherium primum UALVP 29611 inv - 0.006 0.004 - 0.799 0.191
Albertatherium primum UALVP 29612 inv - 0.012 0.008 - 0.692 0.288
Albertatherium secundum UALVP 29534 inv 0.002 0.026 0.021 - 0.671 0.280
Alphadon halleyi UCMP 130501 pdo 0.027 0.435 0.185 0.029 0.086 0.239
Alphadon marshi UCMP 52450 inv 0.001 0.010 0.008 - 0.770 0.211
Alphadon marshi UCMP 53097 inv 0.004 0.060 0.042 - 0.564 0.330
Alphadon sahnii OMNH 20114 inv - 0.001 0.001 - 0.846 0.153
Alphadon wilsoni UALVP 3532 pdo 0.028 0.375 0.195 0.013 0.137 0.251
Eoalphadon clemensi MNA.V.5387 sis 0.019 0.192 0.115 0.014 0.211 0.450
Eoalphadon lillegraveni MNA.V.5835 pdo 0.093 0.442 0.394* 0.003 0.038 0.029
Eoalphadon woodburnei UMNH VP 12842 inv 0.002 0.044 0.029 - 0.611 0.314
Protalphadon foxi UCMP 109031 pdo 0.015 0.403 0.141 0.020 0.113 0.307*
Protalphadon lulli UCMP 47446 sis 0.011 0.292* 0.121 0.005 0.225 0.346
Protalphadon lulli UCMP 47475 pdo 0.027 0.349 0.156 0.055 0.086 0.328*
Turgidodon lillegraveni OMNH 20117 pdo 0.073 0.444 0.291 0.033 0.048 0.112
Turgidodon madseni OMNH 20538 inv - 0.003 0.002 - 0.815 0.180
Turgidodon praesagus UALVP 55849 sis 0.020 0.171 0.120 0.006 0.282 0.401
Turgidodon praesagus UCMP 122168 inv 0.002 0.037 0.031 - 0.724 0.205
Turgidodon praesagus UCMP 131345 sis 0.003 0.159 0.049 0.004 0.259 0.526
Turgidodon rhaister UCMP 47366 sis 0.021 0.236 0.145 0.006 0.249* 0.343
Turgidodon russelli UALVP 55852 inv 0.026 0.227* 0.169 0.003 0.298 0.277*
Turgidodon russelli UALVP 6983 pdo 0.026 0.312 0.181 0.008 0.196 0.278*
Varalphadon creber UALVP 29525 inv 0.001 0.011 0.009 - 0.669 0.311
Varalphadon creber UALVP 29527 inv 0.002 0.022 0.016 - 0.530 0.430*
Varalphadon creber UALVP 5529 inv 0.004 0.070 0.044 0.001 0.515 0.367
Varalphadon wahweapensis UALVP 5544 sis 0.006 0.068 0.044 0.002 0.370 0.510
Atokatheridium boreni OMNH 61623 sis 0.013 0.128 0.061 0.118 0.082 0.597
Glasbius intricatus UCMP 102111 pdo 0.203 0.388 0.375* 0.027 0.002 0.005
Glasbius twitchelli UCMP 153679 pdo 0.156 0.397 0.251 0.193 - 0.003
Glasbius twitchelli UCMP 156143 pdo 0.103 0.436 0.383* 0.007 0.034 0.037
Glasbius twitchelli UCMP 224090 pdo 0.131 0.435 0.331* 0.060 0.011 0.032
Nortedelphys intermedius UCMP 134776 sis 0.005 0.073 0.044 0.003 0.358 0.518
Nortedelphys jasoni UCMP 174506 pdo 0.030 0.312 0.189 0.010 0.180 0.279*
Nortedelphys jasoni UCMP 177838 sis 0.004 0.073 0.039 0.001 0.423* 0.460
Nortedelphys magnus UA 2846 inv 0.002 0.021 0.017 - 0.567 0.393
Nortedelphys minimus UCMP 52715 inv 0.017 0.170 0.141 0.001 0.446 0.226
Nortedelphys minimus UCMP 72211 inv 0.001 0.013 0.013 - 0.706 0.267
Anchistodelphys archibaldi OMNH 21033 inv - 0.003 0.003 - 0.820 0.174
Apistodon exiguus UALVP 29693 pdo 0.019 0.331 0.177 0.003 0.242* 0.228
Dakotadens morrowi OMNH 49450 pdo 0.082 0.374 0.183 0.346* 0.001 0.014
Hatcheritherium alpha YPM.VP.014911 pdo 0.054 0.414 0.366* 0.001 0.122 0.044
Hatcheritherium alpha YPM.VP.014912 inv 0.002 0.009 0.014 - 0.783 0.192
Iugomortiferum thoringtoni OMNH 20936 carn 0.033 0.247 0.080 0.632 - 0.007
Kokopellia juddi OMMH 33248 inv 0.008 0.109 0.070 0.002 0.407 0.405*
Iqualadelphis lactea UALVP 22827 inv - 0.002 0.001 - 0.651 0.345
Iqualadelphis lactea UALVP 29676 sis 0.027 0.253* 0.171 0.006 0.245* 0.299
Leptalestes cooki UCMP 46306 inv 0.001 0.006 0.007 - 0.801 0.185
Leptalestes cooki UCMP 48351 sis 0.015 0.117 0.090 0.004 0.343* 0.432
Leptalestes cooki UCMP 51344 inv 0.010 0.107 0.076 0.002 0.408 0.398*
Leptalestes krejcii UCMP 47061 sis 0.006 0.064 0.038 0.007 0.259 0.626
Leptalestes krejcii UCMP 47552 sis - 0.010 0.005 - 0.451* 0.533
Leptalestes krejcii UCMP 52761 sis 0.006 0.037 0.030 0.008 0.267 0.651
Leptalestes prokrejcii UCMP 131341 sis 0.012 0.069 0.055 0.010 0.261 0.592
Pediomys elegans UCMP 168701 inv 0.008 0.038 0.058 - 0.749 0.147
Pediomys elegans UCMP 47558 inv 0.007 0.071 0.060 0.001 0.538 0.323
Pediomys elegans UCMP 51335 inv 0.012 0.059 0.063 0.001 0.489 0.376*
Protolambda clemensi UALVP 55855 inv - 0.002 0.003 - 0.824 0.171
Protolambda clemensi UCMP 122179 inv 0.001 0.017 0.011 - 0.602 0.369
Protolambda clemensi UCMP 131340 inv - 0.002 0.002 - 0.659 0.336
Protolambda florencae UCMP 48331 inv 0.003 0.019 0.021 - 0.590 0.367
Protolambda florencae UCMP 51389 sis 0.001 0.014 0.010 0.001 0.422 0.553
Protolambda florencae UCMP 186770 inv 0.002 0.013 0.014 - 0.700 0.271
Protolambda florencae UCMP 52323 sis 0.022 0.103 0.104 0.003 0.380* 0.388
Protolambda hatcheri UCMP 46232 sis 0.012 0.066 0.064 0.002 0.427* 0.430
Protolambda hatcheri UCMP 47262 sis 0.003 0.040 0.024 0.001 0.386 0.546
Protolambda hatcheri UCMP 52404 sis 0.010 0.085 0.051 0.026 0.173 0.655
Didelphodon vorax UCMP 187607 ado 0.214 0.323 0.429 0.009 0.012 0.013
Didelphodon vorax UCMP 47304 inv 0.024 0.040 0.085 - 0.644 0.207
Pariadens kirklandi MNA.V.5843 pdo 0.027 0.493 0.243 0.003 0.118 0.116

 

 

TABLE 11. Simulation-based p-values using the morphol.disparity function in the geomorph package in R (Adams et al., 2020) for calculations of dental disparity for each DTA metric and the sum of variances. Significant p-values (p < 0.05) are in bold.

Intraclade disparity lnDNE lnRFI lnOPCR Sum of
variances
Alphadontidae v. Pediomyidae 0.043 0.318 0.664 0.097
Disparity through time        
pre-Aquilan v. Aquilan 0.410 0.525 0.911 0.920
pre-Aquian v. Judithian 0.578 0.556 0.469 0.822
pre-Aquilan v. Lancian 0.735 0.502 0.105 0.553
Aquilan v. Judithian 0.702 0.923 0.523 0.669
Aquilan v. Lancian 0.137 0.112 0.114 0.436
Judithian v. Lancian 0.241 0.056 0.31 0.676

 

 

TABLE 12. Dietary categories present in each time bin as determined by the DFA. At the top of each column, the number of species sampled in each time bin is in parentheses. Table cells include the number of taxa assigned to each diet category and the corresponding percentage rounded to the nearest tenth (in parentheses) for that time bin. ‘Secondary’ columns include the number of taxa assigned to each diet category and corresponding percentage after considering alternative dietary interpretations from the primary literature and the second highest posterior probability from the DFA (see Discussion). Abbreviations: ad = animal-dominated; pd = plant-dominated; soft-inv. spec. = soft-invertebrate specialist.

Diet pre-Aquilan
(7)		 Aquilan
(8)		 Aquilan
(secondary)		 Judithian
(18)		 Judithian
(secondary)		 Lancian
(18)		 Lancian
(secondary)
frugivore - - - - - - -
pd-omnivore 3 (42.8) 1 (12.5) 1 (12.5) 3 (16.7) 2 (11.1) 4 (22.2) 2 (11.1)
ad-omnivore - - - - - - 1 (5.6)
carnivore - 1 (12.5) - 1 (5.6) - - -
invertivore 2 (28.6) 5 (62.5) 6 (75.0) 9 (50.0) 9 (50.0) 8 (44.4) 7 (38.9)
soft-inv. spec. 2 (28.6) 1 (12.5) 1 (12.5) 5 (27.8) 7 (38.9) 6 (33.3) 8 (44.4)