SEARCH SEARCH

Article Search

Whale hyoid: Tables

TABLE 1. Muscles attached to the basihyal and thyrohyal.

Muscles Muscle attachments on
the basihyal + thyrohyal		 Other side of the
muscle attachments		 Function Reference of function
Hyoglossus muscle Anterior suraface of the
anterior process and lateral portion of the body		 It ends left and right
sides of the tongue		 The hyoglossus pulls the tongue ventrally Werth and Ito, 2017: rorquals
Geniohyoid muscle The anterior surface of the body The mandibular symphysis The geniohyoid muscle protracts the tongue Werth and Ito, 2017: rorquals
Basio-keratic muscle The anterolateral border of the lateral portion The stylohyal The basio-keratic muscle flexes the thyrohyal posteriorly and decreases the angle forme by the thyrohyal and ceratohyal Kienle et al., 2015: gray whales
Sternohyoid muscle The medial part of the
posterior border		 The sternum The sternohyoid and thyrohyoid similaryly retract and depress the tongue root Werth and Ito, 2017: rorquals
Thyrohyoid muscle The posterior process The tyroid cartilage The sternohyoid and thyrohyoid similaryly retract and depress the tongue root Werth and Ito, 2017: rorquals

 

 

TABLE 2. Specimens used for analysis in this study with variation in prey capture tactics and prey types among extant mysticetes. See cited references in Appendix 2.

Family ID Scientific
name		 Abbreviation Prey
capture
tactics		 Prey types Specimen
number or ID		 Reference
Balaenidae 0 Balaena mysticetus MYS Skim Small prey - Nishiwaki and Kasuya, 1970
  1 Eubalaena glacialis EUG Skim Small prey Plate XV, 1 Omura, 1964
  2 Eubalaena glacialis EUG Skim Small prey Plate XV, 3 Omura, 1964
  3 Eubalaena glacialis EUG Skim Small prey Plate XV, 4 Omura, 1964
  4 Eubalaena glacialis EUG Skim Small prey Plate XV, 5 Omura, 1964
  5 Eubalaena japonica EUJ Skim Small prey 61A Omura et al., 1969
  6 Eubalaena japonica EUJ Skim Small prey 61B Omura et al., 1969
  7 Eubalaena japonica EUJ Skim Small prey - Omura, 1958
Neobalaenidae 8 Caperea marginata CAP Skim Small prey NMV C40064 Evans EvoMorph Lab. 2020
Eschrichtiidae 9 Eschrichtius robustus ESC Multiple Small prey M-804A Nakamura and Kato, 2014
  10 Eschrichtius robustus ESC Multiple Small prey M-804B Nakamura and Kato, 2014
  11 Eschrichtius robustus ESC Multiple Small prey AMNH 34260 Andrews, 1914
  12 Eschrichtius robustus ESC Multiple Small prey - Kienle et al 2015
Balaenopteridae 13 Megaptera novaeangliae MEG Lunge Both large and small prey USNM 21492 Cope, 1871
  14 Megaptera novaeangliae MEG Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIV, 1 Omura, 1964
  15 Megaptera novaeangliae MEG Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIV, 2 Omura, 1964
  16 Megaptera novaeangliae MEG Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIV, 3 Omura, 1964
  17 Megaptera novaeangliae MEG Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIV, 4 Omura, 1964
  18 Megaptera novaeangliae MEG Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIV, 5 Omura, 1964
  19 Megaptera novaeangliae MEG Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIV, 6 Omura, 1964
  20 Megaptera novaeangliae MEG Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIV, 10 Omura, 1964
  21 Megaptera novaeangliae MEG Lunge Both large and small prey NMNS M 24369 -
  22 Megaptera novaeangliae MEG Lunge Both large and small prey OMNH-M 3042 -
  23 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIII, 1 Omura, 1964
  24 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIII, 2 Omura, 1964
  25 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIII, 3 Omura, 1964
  26 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIII, 4 Omura, 1964
  27 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIII, 6 Omura, 1964
  28 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIII, 7 Omura, 1964
  29 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIII, 8 Omura, 1964
  30 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIII, 9 Omura, 1964
  31 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIII, 10 Omura, 1964
  32 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey Plate XIII, 11 Omura, 1964
  33 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey - Arnold et al., 1987
  34 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey NMNS M 24347 -
  35 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey NMNS M 24355 -
  36 Balaenoptera acutorostrata ACU Lunge Both large and small prey NMNS M 24357 -
  37 Balaenoptera bonaerensis BON Lunge Small prey Plate I, 4 Satake and Omura, 1974
  38 Balaenoptera bonaerensis BON Lunge Small prey Plate I, 5 Satake and Omura, 1974
  39 Balaenoptera bonaerensis BON Lunge Small prey Plate I, 6 Satake and Omura, 1974
  40 Balaenoptera bonaerensis BON Lunge Small prey Plate I, 7 Satake and Omura, 1974
  41 Balaenoptera bonaerensis BON Lunge Small prey Plate I, 8 Satake and Omura, 1974
  42 Balaenoptera bonaerensis BON Lunge Small prey Plate I, 9 Satake and Omura, 1974
  43 Balaenoptera bonaerensis BON Lunge Small prey Plate I, 11 Satake and Omura, 1974
  44 Balaenoptera bonaerensis BON Lunge Small prey Plate II, 15 Satake and Omura, 1974
  45 Balaenoptera bonaerensis BON Lunge Small prey Plate II, 17 Satake and Omura, 1974
  46 Balaenoptera bonaerensis BON Lunge Small prey Plate II, 24 Satake and Omura, 1974
  47 Balaenoptera bonaerensis BON Lunge Small prey Plate II, 25 Satake and Omura, 1974
  48 Balaenoptera borealis BOL Multiple Both large and small prey Plate VI, 3 Omura, 1964
  49 Balaenoptera borealis BOL Multiple Both large and small prey Plate VI, 8 Omura, 1964
  50 Balaenoptera borealis BOL Multiple Both large and small prey Plate VIII, 1 Omura, 1964
  51 Balaenoptera borealis BOL Multiple Both large and small prey Plate VIII, 10 Omura, 1964
  52 Balaenoptera borealis BOL Multiple Both large and small prey - Nishiwaki and Kasuya, 1971
  53 Balaenoptera edeni EDE Lunge Large prey (fish prymarily) Plate X, 6 Omura, 1964
  54 Balaenoptera edeni EDE Lunge Large prey (fish prymarily) Plate X, 10 Omura, 1964
  55 Balaenoptera edeni EDE Lunge Large prey (fish prymarily) Plate X, 11 Omura, 1964
  56 Balaenoptera edeni EDE Lunge Large prey (fish prymarily) Plate XI, 1 Omura, 1964
  57 Balaenoptera edeni EDE Lunge Large prey (fish prymarily) Plate XI, 5 Omura, 1964
  58 Balaenoptera edeni EDE Lunge Large prey (fish prymarily) Plate XI, 7 Omura, 1964
  59 Balaenoptera edeni EDE Lunge Large prey (fish prymarily) Plate XI, 9 Omura, 1964
  60 Balaenoptera edeni EDE Lunge Large prey (fish prymarily) Plate XI, 10 Omura, 1964
  61 Balaenoptera edeni EDE Lunge Large prey (fish prymarily) 77N62, Plate 1 Omura et al., 1981
  62 Balaenoptera ricei RIC Unknown Unknown USNM 594665 Rosel et al., 2021
  63 Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda MUS Lunge Small prey Plate I, 1 Omura, 1964
  64 Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda MUS Lunge Small prey Plate I, 2 Omura, 1964
  65 Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda MUS Lunge Small prey Plate I, 3 Omura, 1964
  66 Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda MUS Lunge Small prey Plate I, 5 Omura, 1964
  67 Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda MUS Lunge Small prey Plate I, 6 Omura, 1964
  68 Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda MUS Lunge Small prey Plate I, 8 Omura, 1964
  69 Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda MUS Lunge Small prey - Omura et al., 1970
  70 Balaenoptera physalus PHY Lunge Both large and small prey Plate II, 3 Omura, 1964
  71 Balaenoptera physalus PHY Lunge Both large and small prey Plate II, 4 Omura, 1964
  72 Balaenoptera physalus PHY Lunge Both large and small prey Plate II, 5 Omura, 1964
  73 Balaenoptera physalus PHY Lunge Both large and small prey Plate II, 7 Omura, 1964
  74 Balaenoptera physalus PHY Lunge Both large and small prey Plate II, 9 Omura, 1964
  75 Balaenoptera physalus PHY Lunge Both large and small prey Plate IV, 8 Omura, 1964
  76 Balaenoptera physalus PHY Lunge Both large and small prey Plate IV, 10 Omura, 1964
  77 Balaenoptera physalus PHY Lunge Both large and small prey Plate IV, 12 Omura, 1964
  78 Balaenoptera physalus PHY Lunge Both large and small prey Plate IV, 13 Omura, 1964
  79 Balaenoptera physalus PHY Lunge Both large and small prey OMNH-M 1000 -
  80 Balaenoptera physalus PHY Lunge Both large and small prey OMNH in the 3rd exhibition room -
  81 Balaenoptera omurai OMU Lunge Both large and small prey NMNS Shinohara, 2011
Extinct taxa              
Balaenopteridae 82 "Megaptera" hubachi HUB Unknown Unknown MPST 240505 Bisconti, 2010
Cetotheriidae 83 Piscobalaena nana PIS Unknown Unknown MNHN SAS 1617 Bouetel and de Muizon, 2006
Eomysticetidae 84 Yamatocetus canaliculatus YAM Unknown Unknown KMNH VP 000,017 Okazaki, 2012
- 85 Mysticeti indet. NFL Unknown Unknown NFL 2634 Shinohara, 2011

 

 

TABLE 3. P-values for pairwise Hotelling’s tests. Significant values (<.005) are in bold.

  Invertebrates Both Fish
Invertebrates   8.26E-07 5.23E-10
Both 8.26E-07   2.36E-09
Fish 5.23E-10 2.36E-09  
  Skim Multiple Lunge
Skim   0.056496 7.05E-05
Multiple 0.056496   0.035062
Lunge 7.05E-05 0.035062  

 

 

 

TABLE 4. Qualitative morphological comparison. The articular process is categorized by the ratio of the width and length of the process (Very short [Over 3.0], Short [2.9 to 1.2], Long [1], Very long [less than 1]). The notch between the articular process is categorized by the ratio of the width and length of the notch (Narrow [less than 0.3], Wide [over 0.5]).

Scientific name articular process notch between
the articular processes		 processes at the
posterior margin		 orientation of
lateral portion		 lateral portion
anteroposerior expansion
Extant taxa          
Balaena mysticetus short wide absent posterolaterally absent
Eubalaena glacialis short wide small posterolaterally absent
Eubalaena japonica short wide small posterolaterally absent
Caperea marginata short wide small posterolaterally absent
Eschrichtius robustus short wide small or absent posterolaterally absent
Megaptera novaeangliae short wide small or absent laterally / posterolaterally absent
Balaenoptera omurai short wide large and pointed laterally absent
Balaenoptera bonaerensis short wide small or absent laterally absent
Balaenoptera acutorostrata short wide small or large laterally / posterolaterally absent
Balaenoptera physalus long to short wide to narrow large and pointed posterolaterally absent
Balaenoptera musculus short wide large and pointed posterolaterally present
Balaenoptera ricei short narrow large and pointed laterally absent
Balaenoptera borealis long to short wide to narrow large and wide anterolaterally absent
Balaenoptera edeni very long narrow large and wide anterolaterally absent
Extinct taxa          
"Megaptera" hubachi short wide absent laterally absent
Pelocetus calvertensis short wide absent laterally absent
Piscobalaena nana short wide absent posterolaterally absent
NFL 2634 short wide absent posterolaterally absent
Yamatocetus canaliculatus very short wide absent more posteriorly absent
Fucaia buelli very short wide - - absent

 

 

 

TABLE 5. Estimated feeding strategies for extinct taxa and Balaenoptera ricei.

Family ID Scientific name Estimated prey types Specimen number
Balaenopteridae 62 Balaenoptera ricei Both large and small prey USNM 594665
Balaenopteridae 82 "Megaptera" hubachi Both large and small prey, or small prey MPST 240505
Cetotheriidae 83 Piscobalaena nana Both large and small prey MNHN SAS 1617
Eomysticetidae 84 Yamatocetus canaliculatus Small size prey KMNH VP 000,017
- 85 Mysticeti indet. Both large and small prey, or small prey NFL 2634