FIGURE 1. Image depicting the first lower (m1, on the right) and third upper (M3, on the left) molars of Pliomys lenki (A) and Dinaromys bogdanovi (B). The Pliomys, derived, structure is indicated by an arrow in each M3. Modified from Chaline et al. (1999).
FIGURE 2. A, Geographic location of the Cueva del Mirón paleontological site on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain). B-G, Pliomys lenki fossil jaws and teeth used in this study. Sample ZARADNA 218: First lower molar (m1) in occlusal view (B); and mandible in buccal (C) and lingual (D) views. Sample ZARADNA 219: m1, occlusal view (E); and mandible in buccal (F) and lingual (G) views. Top and right parts of the teeth are the anterior and buccal margins, respectively. Scale bars in mandibles (C, D, F and G) equal 10 mm. Scale bars in teeth (B and E) equal 1 mm.
FIGURE 3. Calibrated Bayesian trees using Arvicolinae mitochondrial genomes (excluding Control Region) and both Pliomys lenki consensus generated with regular ancient DNA (stringent) mapping parameters (STR sequence, left) and with relaxed parameters (REL sequence, right). Numbers in nodes indicate the Posterior Probability (PP), circles indicating PP=1. Just PP values > 0.95 are displayed. Blue (left) and red (right) bars reflect the 95% highest posterior densities (HPDs) for node age estimates. Dotted red lines in the right topology indicates the different position of Hyperacrius fertilis (as sister clade of Pliomyini-Ellobiusini, PP=0.54) in comparison with the topology of the tree on the left side of the figure (as sister clade of Arvicolini, PP=0.53). GenBank accession numbers are listed in Appendix 2 and partitioning scheme in Appendix 3.
FIGURE 4. Suggested evolution of the Pliomyini tribe, following the works of Fejfar et al. (2011) (blue) and Yamikova et al. (2022) (red). The divergence time between Dinaromys and Pliomys is located at 3.8 Ma (95% HPD = 2.6-4.9 Ma approx.) during the Pliocene. Pannonicola brevidens (A) modified from Fejfar et al. (2011), Promimomys moldavicus (B) modified from Rădulescu and Samson (1996), Propliomys hungaricus (C) modified from Storch and Fejfar (1990), Pliomys lenki (D) modified from Cuenca-Bescós et al. (2010b) and Dinaromys bogdanovi (E) modified from Bona et al. (2006).
