FIGURE 1. Miocene stratigraphy of the Texas Coastal Plain and distribution of vertebrate local faunas. Placement of local fauna names (left to right) reflects approximate west to east distribution within each NALMA. Time scale is after Raffi, et al. (2020).
FIGURE 2. Geologic map showing key stratigraphic boundaries and locations of Garvin Gully (Hemingfordian, square), Noble Farm and Brenham (Ba1, stars) Local Faunas. Based on the Geologic Map of Texas (Barnes et al., 1992), a description of the Oakville Formation east of Navasota (Wilson, 1957), and a regional structural map on the base of the Fleming Group (Swanson and Karlsen, 2009). The strike/dip symbol, shown near Navasota, depicts the average bedding attitude from the Fleming Group in that area (Dreussen, 1924).
FIGURE 3. A — Cormohipparion cf. Cormohipparion goorsi, TMM 40775-2544 LP4-M2, Noble Farm L.F., B — Calippus proplacidus, TMM 40775-3016 LM1/2, Noble Farm L.F., C — Calippus circulus, TMM 40775-3021 RM3, Noble Farm L.F., D — Calippus proplacidus, TMM 31219-308 R P3/4, Cold Spring L.F.
FIGURE 4. Map of key stratigraphic boundaries and local faunas (Ba1: stars, Ba2: filled circles). Strike and dip symbol illustrates average bedding attitude for the area. The Belts Creek L.F. is from the lower part of the Lagarto Formation. This map is based on the Geologic Map of Texas (Barnes et al., 1992), and a regional structural map on the base of the Fleming Group (Swanson and Karlsen, 2009).
FIGURE 5. Cormohipparion cf. Cormohipparion goorsi. A — TMM 40622-23 LP/M, B — TMM 40622-19 Rp/m.
FIGURE 6. Tooth fragments from Burkeville L.F. A — TMM 31160-2888, line drawing of enamel pattern showing a relatively tight fold. B — specimen drawn in A. C — TMM 40197-2889, tooth fragment illustrating thin enamel possibly representing an artiodactyl.
FIGURE 7. Localities north of Coldspring, TX. The area shown in gray shading was originally considered to be a single locality (TAM 38, now TMM 38). TMM 31191 is the Sam Houston locality, TMM 31219 is the Donahoe Farm locality. 31191 and 31219 were assigned by the BEG after the National Forest Boundary was established in 1936. (Note: the name of the town of Coldspring is written as a single word, yet the local fauna name became Cold Spring after Hesse (1942).)
FIGURE 8. Proboscidea indeterminate, TMM 40081-14. A, B, C are three views of partial thoracic vertebra.
FIGURE 9. Gomphotherium sp., Noble Farm L.F., A — TMM 40775-48.1. B — TMM 40775-48.2, deciduous tusks, anterior to the left, with longitudinal striations and wear facets.
FIGURE 10. Gomphotherium sp., Noble Farm L.F., upper tusk. A — TMM 40775-2121, labial side. B — TMM 40775-2121, close-up of broken edge along distal portion of enamel band. C — TMM 40775-2121, labial view of fragment with partial premaxilla as shown by Hay (1925). D — TMM 40775-2121, premaxilla fragment showing extent of fracture (TAM 2213).
FIGURE 11. Gomphotherium sp., Noble Farm L.F. A — TMM 40775-51 mandible fragment with right i2 and TMM40775-56 left i2, anterior view. B — same specimens dorsal view, anterior down. C — TMM 40775-51, anterior cross-section showing tightly packed laminations with dense cross-hatching. This is the same cross-section illustrated by Hay (1925, fig. 9).
FIGURE 12. TMM 40775-49, Gomphotherium sp. Noble Farm L.F., RM2. A — lingual view, anterior to the right. B — occlusal view, anterior to the right. C — labial view, anterior to the left.
FIGURE 13. TMM 40775-46, Gomphotherium sp. Noble Farm L.F., Lm3. A — lingual view, anterior to the right. B — occlusal view, anterior to the right. C — labial view, anterior to the left.
FIGURE 14. TMM 40775-47, Gomphotherium sp. Noble Farm L.F., RM3. A — lingual view, anterior to the right. B — occlusal view, anterior to the right. C — labial view, anterior to the left.
FIGURE 15. CT images of Gomphotherium sp., Noble Farm L.F. A - C TMM 40775-46, Lm3, D - F TMM 40775-47, RM3. A, D — labial view. B, E — occlusal view. C, D — arbitrary slice through CT volume showing enamel/dentin pattern of pseudo-occlusal surface with virtual wear (enamel: light gray, dentin: dark gray). Anterior to the left in all images.
FIGURE 16. TMM 40775-50.1 and 50.2, Gomphotherium sp. Noble Farm L.F., L and R Dp4. A, B — L Dp4 figured by Hay (1925), but identified by him as Dp3. C — R Dp4 not previously figured.
FIGURE 17. Gomphotherium sp., Noble Farm L.F. A — TMM 40775-2129.1 Lp3? labial view, B — TMM 40775-2129.1 Lp3? occlusal view, anterior to top, C — TMM 40775-2129.2 Rp3? labial view, D — TMM 40775-2129.2, Rp3? occlusal view, anterior to top, E, F — TMM 40775-61, P/p2? 31.2 mm x 29.9 mm, L x W.
FIGURE 18. TMM40282-12, Gomphotherium cimarronis (Cope, 1893; Hay, 1925), LM3, holotype from Stanton Ranch L.F., Clarendonian, Donley Co., TX. A — occlusal view, anterior to the top. B — pretrite (lingual) view, anterior to the left. C — postrite (labial) view, anterior to the right. D — labial view comparison of TMM 40282-12 (LM3), “holotype” of Gomphotherium cimarronis (left) with TMM 40775-47 (RM3), gomphothere from Noble Farm (right).
FIGURE 19. TMM40418-10. Gomphotherium sp., juvenile, Brenham L.F. A — partial left dentary with Dp3, labial view, anterior to the left, showing the mental foramen. B — same from anterior view showing matrix filled alveolus for a lower tusk. C — occlusal view of Dp3.
FIGURE 20. Gomphotherium sp., juvenile. Left side of photo is TMM40418-10 from the Brenham L.F., partial left dentary with Dp3, occlusal view, anterior to the left. Right side of photo is TMM 40775-50.1 L Dp4 from Noble Farm L.F.
FIGURE 21. Gomphotherium cf. Gomphotherium inopinatum., TMM 40622-25, Rm3, Belts Creek L.F. A — lingual view, anterior to the left. B — occlusal view, anterior to the left. C — occlusal view, anterior to the right.
FIGURE 22. TMM 31219-3046. Gomphotherium sp., Cold Spring L.F. A — partial skull, left side, anterior to the left. Although some bone is clearly present, a significant amount of plaster and paint were added during the construction of the museum display. The missing premaxilla was partially constructed out of plaster and used to mount a right upper tusk from the Noble Farm gomphothere on the left side of the partial skull (not shown in photo). B — heavily worn LM3 is coated with a significant amount of plaster, the anterior loph is sculpted from plaster and the posterior heel is broken.
FIGURE 23. TMM31219-3046. Gomphotherium sp., Cold Spring L.F. A — labial side of left dentary showing a coating of plaster with little actual bone. B — Lm3 largely composed of plaster such that the occlusal morphology is meaningless. However, the lingual side of the tooth shown in this figure, preserves original enamel showing four well-developed lophids and a posterior heel. The original tooth was worn with an approximate length of 152 mm. The m3 is attached to the partial dentary by plaster with no original fit visible.
FIGURE 24. A — Gomphotherium sp., lower tusk of uncertain provenance mounted in dentary associated with TMM 38-3046 (Cold Spring L.F.). B — TMM 31191-2233, Gomphotherium sp., lower tusk (Cold Spring L.F., Sam Houston locality), anterior to the left in both.
FIGURE 25. A — TMM 31219-44, Gomphotherium sp., Cold Spring L.F., Lm1, labial oblique view, anterior to the left. B — TMM 31219-44, Gomphotherium sp., Lm1, occlusal view, anterior to the top. C — TMM 31219-177 Gomphotherium sp., Cold Spring L.F., unworn premolar, occlusal view.
FIGURE 26. TMM 31219-144, Gomphotherium sp., Cold Spring L.F., partial left maxilla with alveolus for DP2, nearly complete DP3, and partial DP4. A — occlusal view, anterior to the right. B — labial view, anterior to the right.
FIGURE 27. Gomphotherium sp., TMM 31219-237, Cold Spring L.F. A — ventral view illustrating palate and basicranium, anterior down. B — close up of RM3 showing extreme state of wear, anterior to the right.
FIGURE 28. A — Gomphotherium sp., TMM 31191-1, Rm3, Cold Spring L.F. (Sam Houston locality), occlusal view, anterior to the top. B — TMM 31191-1, lingual view, anterior to the left. C — TMM 40775-46, Gomphotherium sp., Lm3, Noble Farm L.F., occlusal view, anterior to the top.
FIGURE 29. TMM 31272-42, Gomphotherium sp., Chappell Hill L.F., Ba2. A — lateral view of partial skull, anterior to the left, top of skull is crushed, left M3 and posterior portion of M. B — ventral view of partial skull showing left and partial right M3, palate, partially restored zygomatic arch, occipital condyles; anterior to the bottom. C — close-up of LM3 and partial M2, lophs 1-4 labeled on M3.
