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XRF characterization: Appendix

APPENDIX TABLE 1. Extended information from each site, their location, age and some additional data and the principal references. Also are shown the sample name of this work to facilitate the acronym navigation in the paper.

Site Name Location Age Lithology/Facies/Formations Description Samples References
Pedrera de Meià & Co. Montsec de Meià, Spain Upper Hauterivian - Barremian Laminated and massive lithographic limestones. 19th century lithographic quarry. Limestones result of fresh-water coastal lakes system sedimentation of small extension. R, R-drk, R-wht, C Barale et al., 1984; Gil-Delgado et al., 2023; Martínez-Delclòs et al., 1991; Martín-Closas & López-Morón, 1995.
Alcover Tarragona, Spain Triassic Dolomicrites and dolomites from the Upper Muschelkalk. Thin-bedded and laminated dolostones result of the infill of inter-reef depresions in anoxic conditions. Mnt-Alc Calvet & Tucker, 1995.
Rubielos de Mora Rubielos de Mora, Spain Miocene - Early Pliocene Laminated and massive mudstones of delta and lake facies. Marls and mudstones of transitional facies that forms a tertiary basin of variably 400 m thick. RMr Anadón, 1983; Anadón et al. 1988; Moissenet and Gautienr, 1971.
Las Hoyas Cuenca, Spain Barremian Finely-laminated limestones of La Huérguina Formation. Limestones formed in a ponds of microbial mats bottom. Is a freshwater carbonate environment influenced by season regulation. LH1, LH2 Bailleul et al., 2011; Barrios-de Pedro et al., 2018; Briggs et al., 1997; Fregenal and Melendez, 1992; Fregenal-Martínez and Meléndez 2016; Galobart et al., 2022; Gupta et al., 2008; Poyato-Ariza and Buscalioni, 2016.
Cerin Cerin, France Late Kimmerigian Lithographic limestones. Result of lagoon system in-filled with the accion of supra-, intertidal, phreatic features and microbial processes. Crn Bernier et al., 1994.
Canjuers Haute Provence (Les Bessons), France Tithonian Fine-layered lithographic limestones from lagoon facies. The fossils are situated in the basal layers of these paleolagoon and corresponds to the first phase of sedimentation. MCFO-0352 Peyer et al., 2014.
Les Plâtrières Aix-en-Provence, France Oligocene Limestones, marls and gypsum from Aix-en-Provence formation. 18th century quarry of laminated rocks, result of a lacustrine/lagoon environment of brackish waters with punctual sea connections. Aix-P1, Aix-P2, Aix-P3 Gaudant et al., 2017.
Ockley (Smokejacks Brickworks) Surrey, England Early Barremian Sideritic siltstone and mudstone lenses below sandstone-bed of the Upper Weald Clay. Industrial exploitation in a changing sequence from a lacustrine/lagoonal to fluvial/mudplain environment (B. walken site from). Ock Ross & Cook, 1995.
Solnhofen Solnhofen-Eichstätt, Germany Early Tithonian Lithographic limestones rhythmically laminated, alternation of pure limestone (Flinze) and shaly calcareous marls (Fäulen). The Bavarian sites pertains to the Solnhofen Plattenkalk, which occupies an area of more than 2000 km2 and records 500.000 years . MCFO-0435, MCFO-0723b, MCFO-0528, MCFO-0530, MCFO-0526, MGB P R-10378, MGB P R-10347, Slnhf-1 and Slnhf-2 Keupp et al. 2007.
Kelheim Kelheim, Germany Tithonian Alternation of Flinze (97-99% CaCO3) and Fäulen (80-90% CaCO3). The formation of Solnhofen Plattenkalk starts at east of the Solnhofen town and prograde to west during Early Tithonian. Is the reason because there are very similar fossil sites in the zone, as Kelheim, at 150 kilometers at east. MCFO-0436 Keupp et al. 2007.
Hakel east of Jbail, Lebanoon Late Cenomanian Lithographic limestones. Sites are interpreted as small basins of shallow waters like intra-shelf depressed zones. There appears carbonates of shallow-waters between laminated mudstones as a result of sea-level oscillations. MCFO-0521, MCFO-0523 Ejel and Dubertret, 1966; Ferry et al., 2007; Forey et al., 2003.
Hadjoula east of Jbail, Lebanoon Late Cenomanian Lithographic limestones. " MCFO-0372, MCFO-0527, MCFO-0522, MCFO-0524 and MCFO-0525 Ejel and Dubertret, 1966; Ferry et al., 2007; Forey et al., 2003.
Sahel Alma south of Jbail, Lebanoon Late Santonian Fine-grained, chalky limestones that broke in slabs. Fossil site deposits are from deeper Santonian waters. MCFO-0520 Jattiot et al., 2015; Meister, 1993.
Karatau Big Karatau Range, Kazakhstan Callovian - Kimmeridgian / Oxfordian - Kimmeridgian Lithographic shales in Karabatau Formation. The fossil site is composed by very laminated fissile claystone of lacustrine deposits that can preserve soft parts of taxa. Kr Doludenko and Orlovskaya, 1976; Doludenko et al., 1990; Liu et al., 2015.
Daohugou Daohugou, China Callovian - Oxfordian Grey tuff, tuffaceous siltstone and mudstone situated in Daohugou Beds of Langi Formation. The fossils are preserved in the mudstones among fresh water environment indicators. Is the most important Lagerstäte of insects from Mesozoic. Dhg Liu et al., 2015; Ponomarenko and Ren, 2010; Rasnitsyn and Zhang, 2004; Wang et al., 2013.
Green River Wyoming, USA Early Eocene - Middle Eocene Laminated calcite limestone, limestones, marlstones and iron-stained mudstones principally . Lake system with different basins and all their facies. In general terms, in Wyoming there are two paleolakes represented, the Fossil Lake and Lake Gosiute. MCFO-0143, MCFO-0395 Grande, 1984; Lundberg and Case, 1970; Rosen and Patterson, 1969.
Crato Crato, Brazil Aptian Laminated limestones of microbial mats in Crato Formation of lacustrine facies. Site generated by the carbonate deposition in a hypersaline lacustrine system emplaced on the basin associated with the Gondwana rifting, considered a wetland with seasonal changes. Crt-Brsl Arai and Assine, 2020; Brito Neves et al., 2000; Dias and Carvalho, 2022; Ribeiro et al., 2021; Varejao et al., 2021.

 

 

 

APPENDIX TABLE 2. Intensity of the main XRF peaks detected for all the samples investigated in this work. The intensities were extracted by fitting the spectra as described in (Ibáñez-Insa, 2017). All intensity values are normalized to that of the Compton peak observed for each spectra.

SAMPLE ID Si P S K Ca Ti Cr Fe Cu Zn Pb Rb Sr Zr
MCFO-0143 Green River 0.0040 0.0398 0.0134 0.0098 3.6275 0.0023 0.0012 0.0521 0.0057 0.0064 0.0107 0.0000 0.7690 0.0322
MCFO-0143 Green River F 0.0017 0.0435 0.0094 0.0091 2.4378 0.0561 0.0010 0.2545 0.0107 0.0140 0.0090 0.0000 1.5172 0.0115
MCFO-0435 Solnhofen 0.0035 0.0439 0.0154 0.0376 4.0263 0.0068 0.0020 0.1745 0.0047 0.0091 0.0085 0.0000 0.1193 0.0070
MCFO-0436 Kelheim 0.0015 0.0309 0.0073 0.0467 2.4534 0.0144 0.0016 0.8939 0.0045 0.0068 0.0065 0.0143 0.2154 0.0107
MCFO-0436 Kelheim 0.0019 0.0269 0.0059 0.0484 2.3883 0.0147 0.0014 0.8573 0.0041 0.0084 0.0037 0.0084 0.2090 0.0126
MCFO-0723b Solnhofen 0.0020 0.0444 0.0059 0.0262 4.1467 0.0029 0.0017 0.1269 0.0051 0.0056 0.0034 0.0000 0.0827 0.0069
MCFO-0527 Hjoula 0.0122 0.0088 0.0048 0.0054 0.1822 0.0037 0.0006 0.0818 0.0031 0.0048 0.0019 0.0000 0.0394 0.0090
MCFO-0527 Hjoula 0.0003 0.0357 0.0082 0.0310 3.4217 0.0046 0.0006 0.0903 0.0050 0.0071 0.0019 0.0000 0.2205 0.0042
MCFO-0521 Haqel 0.0022 0.0335 0.0080 0.0433 2.6311 0.0115 0.0011 0.2634 0.0046 0.0068 0.0077 0.0000 0.4253 0.0113
MCFO-0528 Solnhofen 0.0000 0.0450 0.0107 0.0277 3.8885 0.0036 0.0013 0.2137 0.0060 0.0040 0.0053 0.0000 0.1326 0.0078
MCFO-0527 Hjoula 0.0013 0.0356 0.0092 0.0347 3.4503 0.2378 0.0005 0.1564 0.0062 0.0071 0.0038 0.0000 0.2452 0.0152
MCFO-0530 Solnhofen 0.0022 0.0451 0.0118 0.0268 3.8685 0.0067 0.0010 0.1968 0.0056 0.0040 0.0035 0.0000 0.1306 0.0104
MCFO-0522 Hjoula 0.0014 0.0360 0.0129 0.0355 3.1842 0.0067 0.0006 0.2252 0.0052 0.0052 0.0033 0.0000 0.3644 0.0159
MCFO-0352 Haute-Provence 0.0018 0.0164 0.0069 0.0309 1.4130 0.0130 0.0011 0.6059 0.0083 0.0086 0.0046 0.0031 0.5530 0.0027
MCFO-0395 Green River 0.0024 0.0352 0.0115 0.0296 3.6251 0.0019 0.0014 0.0520 0.0085 0.0054 0.0067 0.0000 0.6383 0.0085
MCFO-0520 Sahel Alma 0.0017 0.0340 0.0062 0.0423 2.7029 0.0081 0.0019 0.2853 0.0062 0.0104 0.0089 0.0000 0.4291 0.0145
MCFO-0524 Hjoula 0.0033 0.0341 0.0080 0.0304 3.1934 0.0050 0.0009 0.1357 0.0048 0.0081 0.0081 0.0000 0.4126 0.0192
MCFO-0525 Hjoula 0.0036 0.0314 0.0084 0.0354 2.8704 0.0081 0.0011 0.2655 0.0056 0.0104 0.0071 0.0000 0.3288 0.0096
MCFO-0523 Haqel 0.0035 0.0288 0.0085 0.0403 2.9374 0.0066 0.0016 0.2329 0.0051 0.0088 0.0052 0.0000 0.4494 0.0083
MCFO-0526 Solnhofen 0.0022 0.0391 0.0115 0.0222 4.0393 0.0043 0.0008 0.1237 0.0035 0.0058 0.0053 0.0000 0.2268 0.0054
R-drk Montsec 0.0029 0.0353 0.0106 0.0227 3.7724 0.0071 0.0005 0.1867 0.0046 0.0057 0.0054 0.0000 0.1678 0.0103
R-wht Montsec 0.0032 0.0380 0.0102 0.0300 3.7859 0.0128 0.0015 0.3440 0.0049 0.0052 0.0046 0.0000 0.1211 0.0052
C Montsec 0.0015 0.0388 0.0137 0.0208 4.0036 0.0049 0.0003 0.1698 0.0044 0.0061 0.0051 0.0000 0.1453 0.0041
LH1 Las Hoyas 0.0016 0.0376 0.0166 0.0196 3.4479 0.0079 0.0012 0.2988 0.0041 0.0092 0.0047 0.0000 0.6435 0.0125
LH2 Las Hoyas 0.0015 0.0390 0.0155 0.0167 3.5759 0.0047 0.0017 0.2196 0.0062 0.0067 0.0082 0.0000 0.7874 0.0109
MGB PR-10378 Solnhofen 0.0009 0.0430 0.0196 0.0070 4.3715 0.0011 0.0012 0.0304 0.0069 0.0069 0.0145 0.0000 0.2242 0.0185
GB PR-10347 Solnhofen 0.0003 0.0474 0.0140 0.0132 4.2524 0.0023 0.0014 0.0826 0.0057 0.0061 0.0301 0.0000 0.2181 0.0218
paraloid 10% Montsec 0.0003 0.0342 0.0093 0.0161 3.2536 0.0079 0.0008 0.1865 0.0066 0.0060 0.0080 0.0000 0.1333 0.0049
paraloid 5% Montsec 0.0016 0.0341 0.0090 0.0180 3.4406 0.0105 0.0010 0.2283 0.0039 0.0049 0.0070 0.0000 0.1358 0.0046
paraloid 0% Montsec 0.0021 0.0445 0.0099 0.0145 4.1477 0.0060 0.0007 0.1299 0.0039 0.0044 0.0053 0.0000 0.1355 0.0139
Crn Cerin 0.0000 0.0401 0.0126 0.0061 3.8339 0.0046 0.0012 0.0305 0.0042 0.0024 0.0066 0.0000 0.1043 0.0080
Kr Karatu 0.0008 0.0172 0.0062 0.0095 1.1201 0.0151 0.0024 0.9903 0.0053 0.0036 0.0119 0.0065 1.5199 0.0390
Mnt-Alc MontRal-Alcover 0.0086 0.0058 0.0042 0.0324 0.5287 0.0353 0.0032 0.5737 0.0066 0.0025 0.0052 0.0012 0.2251 0.0122
Ock Ockley 0.0060 0.0040 0.0008 0.0774 0.0839 0.2013 0.0348 14.8936 0.0066 0.0138 0.0112 0.0604 0.0536 0.0144
Ock Ockley 0.0080 0.0040 0.0001 0.0808 0.0849 0.2028 0.0359 15.7104 0.0093 0.0146 0.0107 0.0618 0.0564 0.0213
RMr Rubielos de Mora 0.0026 0.0077 0.0058 0.0618 0.7595 0.0286 0.0050 1.3111 0.0060 0.0100 0.0097 0.0812 0.3793 0.0110
Dhg Daohugou 0.0064 0.0036 0.0035 0.0430 0.0338 0.0159 0.0021 0.7439 0.0031 0.0070 0.0061 0.0859 0.0881 0.0261
Slnhf-1 Solnhofen 0.0119 0.0201 0.0053 0.0038 1.7998 0.0027 0.0007 0.0257 0.0033 0.0117 0.0113 0.0000 0.0823 0.0051
Slnhf-2 Solnhofen 0.0059 0.0162 0.0059 0.0086 1.5040 0.0053 0.0007 0.2299 0.0062 0.0097 0.0039 0.0000 0.0502 0.0066
Crt-Brsl Crato 0.0017 0.0460 0.0138 0.0103 4.0442 0.0035 0.0012 0.4043 0.0072 0.0395 0.0101 0.0000 0.5558 0.0031
Aix-P1 Aix-en-Provence 0.0054 0.0295 0.0146 0.0107 2.6703 0.0034 0.0008 0.1194 0.0057 0.0049 0.0083 0.0000 3.2992 0.0204
Aix-P2 Aix-en-Provence 0.0068 0.0060 0.0037 0.0101 0.6566 0.0040 0.0007 0.1401 0.0024 0.0017 0.0028 0.0000 0.1710 0.0036
Aix-P3 Aix-en-Provence 0.0088 0.0190 0.0075 0.0227 2.0929 0.0054 0.0004 0.2497 0.0034 0.0034 0.0052 0.0000 0.2797 0.0073