TABLE 1. The canines and premolars size comparison of European Canis lupus from MIS 6-1. Abbreviations: M, mean; Min-Max, minimal and maximal values; N, number of specimens; R, recent. For sources see Material and Methods.
| Tooth | Locality | Age | Length, L | Breadth, B | B/L ratio | N | |||
| M | Min-Max | M | Min-Max | M | Min-Max | ||||
| C1 | Silesia | R | 13.94 | 12.37-15.89 | 7.91 | 7.56-9.59 | 63.3 | 58.8-69.1 | 40 |
| Pavlov, Předmostí | 3-2 | 15.66 | 13.89-17.23 | 9.48 | 8.14-12.04 | 67.1 | 60.9-72.1 | 22 | |
| Niedźwiedzia Cave | 3 | 16.43 | 14.91-17.43 | 9.97 | 8.29-12.21 | 59.8 | 52.8-68.8 | 17 | |
| Zoolithenhöhle | 3 | 15.86 | 13.45-16.94 | 9.52 | 7.97-11.94 | 66.9 | 56.7-71.8 | 18 | |
| Jaurens Cave | 3 | 13.95 | 11.60-15.40 | 8.96 | 7.70-9.90 | 66.3 | 59.2-79.2 | 8 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 7-5 | 3 | 16.24 | 14.86-117.18 | 9.57 | 8.59-11.97 | 63.4 | 56.7-68.8 | 8 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 10-9 | 5a | 15.88 | 13.25-17.16 | 9.22 | 8.22-11.84 | 66.1 | 62.2-72.4 | 12 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 13 | 5e | 14.28 | 11.39-17.14 | 8.79 | 6.96-10.66 | 61.8 | 58.3-66.9 | 9 | |
| Romain-la-Roche | 6 | 12.44 | 10.30-13.80 | 7.72 | 6.40-8.90 | 62.1 | 59.7-64.5 | 43 | |
| c1 | Silesia | R | 16.38 | 13.55-19.44 | 10.44 | 8.56-11.89 | 65.6 | 57.7-76.9 | 38 |
| Niedźwiedzia Cave | 3 | 18.68 | 16.22-20.78 | 11.27 | 9.09-13.45 | 60.2 | 53.1-67.9 | 16 | |
| Zoolithenhöhle | 3 | 17.46 | 15.56-20.15 | 10.97 | 8.89-13.16 | 66.9 | 57.9-72.6 | 10 | |
| Jaurens Cave | 3 | 14.22 | 12.00-16.10 | 9.17 | 8.40-9.90 | 64.6 | 55.5-71.7 | 12 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 7-5 | 3 | 17.79 | 14.45-20.23 | 11.14 | 8.97-13.26 | 66.4 | 58.7-69.7 | 7 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 10-9 | 5a | 16.14 | 13.88-18.57 | 10.21 | 8.73-11.74 | 63.2 | 59.6-66.8 | 7 | |
| Dziadowa Skała, l. 3-4 | 5e | 13.74 | 12.96-14.78 | 9.38 | 8.84-10.15 | 61.9 | 63.6-68.7 | 5 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 13 | 5e | 13.45 | 12.49-14.23 | 8.51 | 7.86-9.14 | 63.2 | 58.2-68.6 | 8 | |
| P2 | Silesia | R | 15.38 | 13.69-17.14 | 6.41 | 5.37-7.39 | 41.7 | 36.4-47.4 | 40 |
| Pavlov, Předmostí | 3-2 | 16.14 | 14.31-17.79 | 6.69 | 5.64-8.44 | 42.2 | 37.7-48.6 | 23 | |
| Niedźwiedzia Cave | 3 | 16.63 | 14.69-18.64 | 7.31 | 5.75-8.72 | 43.8 | 38.4-49.4 | 11 | |
| Zoolithenhöhle | 3 | 16.27 | 14.45-18.04 | 7.04 | 5.48-8.29 | 43.1 | 36.6-48.7 | 19 | |
| Jaurens Cave | 3 | 15.75 | 15.00-16.20 | 6.88 | 6.60-7.30 | 43.3 | 41.0-45.6 | 4 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 7-5 | 3 | 16.59 | 14.78-18.84 | 6.97 | 5.69-8.66 | 42.7 | 38.4-46.9 | 9 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 10-9 | 5a | 15.43 | 13.82-17.98 | 7.15 | 6.17-8.71 | 46.5 | 41.4-56.7 | 13 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 13 | 5e | 15.04 | 13.38-16.18 | 6.34 | 5.62-6.94 | 42.1 | 38.7-49.5 | 8 | |
| Romain-la-Roche | 6 | 14.01 | 11.8-16.50 | 6.17 | 5.40-7.00 | 44.1 | 42.4-45.8 | 31 | |
| p2 | Silesia | R | 13.41 | 11.55-16.21 | 6.45 | 5.48-7.78 | 48.2 | 41.9-53.1 | 40 |
| Niedźwiedzia Cave | 3 | 14.92 | 13.78-15.88 | 7.39 | 6.55-7.97 | 49.6 | 47.3-51.9 | 11 | |
| Pavlov, Předmostí | 3-2 | 14.66 | 12.16-15.65 | 7.43 | 6.63-8.04 | 52.9 | 44.8-56.8 | 34 | |
| Zoolithenhöhle | 3 | 14.42 | 12.56-15.84 | 7.19 | 6.38-7.96 | 49.8 | 45.7-54.3 | 18 | |
| Jaurens Cave | 3 | 12.66 | 10.80-14.00 | 6.23 | 5.60-6.90 | 49.7 | 44.4-59.3 | 10 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 7-5 | 3 | 14.88 | 13.65-16.04 | 7.44 | 6.42-8.06 | 52.4 | 47.9-56.2 | 11 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 10-9 | 5a | 13.97 | 12.72-15.14 | 7.15 | 6.62-7.67 | 51.6 | 49.7-55.6 | 13 | |
| Banwell Bone Cave | 5a | 13.02 | 11.22-14.00 | 6.75 | 5.93-8.00 | 51.4 | 44.3-59.3 | 7 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 13 | 5e | 13.34 | 11.47-15.66 | 6.89 | 5.78-7.91 | 50.9 | 45.6-55.2 | 8 | |
| P3 | Silesia | R | 16.99 | 15.74-19.29 | 7.09 | 6.16-8.17 | 41.8 | 37.1-47.3 | 40 |
| Pavlov, Předmostí | 3-2 | 17.54 | 15.82-19.97 | 8.03 | 7.36-8.78 | 46.2 | 40.8-51.6 | 14 | |
| Niedźwiedzia Cave | 3 | 18.76 | 17.37-20.27 | 8.79 | 7.75-9.66 | 46.8 | 43.2-48.8 | 12 | |
| Zoolithenhöhle | 3 | 18.04 | 14.97-20.09 | 8.31 | 6.54-9.43 | 42.9 | 37.1-52.1 | 23 | |
| Jaurens Cave | 3 | 17.03 | 16.30-17.50 | 7.49 | 6.80-8.00 | 43.9 | 41.7-45.7 | 6 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 7-5 | 3 | 17.98 | 15.66-19.41 | 8.64 | 7.44-9.21 | 46.4 | 43.5-50.5 | 11 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 10-9 | 5a | 17.84 | 15.97-18.93 | 8.56 | 7.53-9.76 | 47.6 | 43.5-51.9 | 13 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 13 | 5e | 16.53 | 14.48-18.34 | 7.37 | 6.52-9.14 | 44.7 | 38.1-53.2 | 8 | |
| Romain-la-Roche | 6 | 15.89 | 14.00-17.50 | 7.32 | 6.10-8.80 | 46.1 | 43.6-50.3 | 30 | |
| p3 | Silesia | R | 14.92 | 13.54-16.56 | 7.02 | 5.97-7.69 | 47.3 | 43.3-53.4 | 40 |
| Niedźwiedzia Cave | 3 | 15.94 | 14.46-17.14 | 8.15 | 7.29-9.14 | 51.9 | 45.9-53.8 | 25 | |
| Pavlov, Předmostí | 3-2 | 15.59 | 13.97-16.47 | 7.86 | 7.19-8.29 | 50.3 | 44.9-53.8 | 31 | |
| Zoolithenhöhle | 3 | 15.66 | 13.27-16.94 | 8.13 | 5.91-8.65 | 51.9 | 45.1-55.4 | 20 | |
| Jaurens Cave | 3 | 14.45 | 13.00-15.30 | 7.18 | 6.30-8.00 | 49.6 | 46.3-54.1 | 13 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 7-5 | 3 | 15.83 | 13.86-16.96 | 8.04 | 6.97-8.89 | 52.4 | 44.8-54.6 | 14 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 10-9 | 5a | 15.46 | 13.94-16.76 | 8.09 | 7.64-9.06 | 51.8 | 48.6-54.7 | 11 | |
| Banwell Bone Cave | 5a | 14.79 | 13.90-16.00 | 7.48 | 6.90-8.00 | 51.3 | 47.9-57.2 | 6 | |
| Dziadowa Skała, l. 3-4 | 5e | 14.92 | 12.44-16.97 | 7.62 | 6.23-8.79 | 51.1 | 48.6-54.4 | 5 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 13 | 5e | 15.07 | 12.84-16.92 | 7.31 | 6.19-8.51 | 48.1 | 43.3-51.9 | 14 | |
| p4 | Silesia | R | 16.77 | 15.28-18.97 | 8.36 | 7.29-9.78 | 49.9 | 43.9-57.8 | 40 |
| Niedźwiedzia Cave | 3 | 18.32 | 16.27-20.54 | 9.19 | 8.15-10.13 | 50.2 | 44.6-53.8 | 23 | |
| Pavlov, Předmostí | 3-2 | 18.19 | 16.35-20.39 | 9.14 | 8.06-10.21 | 50.7 | 47.1-53.8 | 37 | |
| Zoolithenhöhle | 3 | 18.36 | 16.39-20.23 | 9.63 | 8.56-10.78 | 52.3 | 49.4-54.7 | 24 | |
| Jaurens Cave | 3 | 16.48 | 14.80-17.60 | 8.47 | 7.40-9.60 | 51.3 | 45.5-57.4 | 15 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 7-5 | 3 | 19.21 | 18.83-20.21 | 9.49 | 8.86-10.43 | 49.4 | 47.1-51.8 | 14 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 10-9 | 5a | 17.68 | 14.25-20.86 | 8.86 | 6.91-10.39 | 52.4 | 47.6-57.6 | 22 | |
| Banwell Bone Cave | 5a | 17.83 | 14.50-19.97 | 8.82 | 7.80-9.56 | 51.7 | 49.4-54.3 | 10 | |
| Dziadowa Skała, l. 3-4 | 5e | 16.33 | 14.67-17.84 | 8.74 | 8.23-9.21 | 53.0 | 49.9-56.1 | 5 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 13 | 5e | 16.97 | 16.08-18.54 | 8.58 | 7.76-9.96 | 50.3 | 47.1-56.2 | 20 | |
TABLE 2. The P4 size comparison of European Canis lupus from MIS 6-1. Abbreviations: M, mean; Min-Max, minimal and maximal values; N, number of specimens; R, recent. For sources see Material and Methods.
| Tooth | Locality | Age | Length, L | B ta/L ratio | N | ||
| M | Min-Max | M | Min-Max | ||||
| P4 | Silesia | R | 26.67 | 23.97-30.29 | 39.7 | 35.6-44.1 | 40 |
| Pavlov, Předmostí | 3-2 | 29.06 | 27.46-30.84 | 41.4 | 39.7-43.5 | 24 | |
| Niedźwiedzia Cave | 3 | 30.17 | 26.81-33.14 | 39.2 | 36.5-43.6 | 15 | |
| Zoolithenhöhle | 3 | 29.57 | 26.56-32.84 | 40.7 | 37.8-44.5 | 13 | |
| Jaurens Cave | 3 | 26.40 | 23.40-27.90 | 40.3 | 38.5-43.1 | 8 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 7-5 | 3 | 29.97 | 25.27-32.34 | 41.9 | 36.4-45.8 | 7 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 10-9 | 5a | 29.78 | 27.12-32.02 | 42.6 | 37.4-46.5 | 8 | |
| Banwell Bone Cave | 5a | 27.54 | 24.29-29.68 | 41.4 | 38.1-43.9 | 7 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 13 | 5e | 27.56 | 26.54-28.84 | 40.7 | 38.4-41.5 | 7 | |
| Dziadowa Skała, l. 3-4 | 5e | 25.48 | 23.14-26.89 | 41.4 | 38.2-43.9 | 4 | |
| Romain-la-Roche | 6 | 24.23 | 21.70-27.30 | 39.1 | 38.7-40.7 | 36 | |
TABLE 3. The M1 size comparison of European Canis lupus from MIS 6-1. Abbreviations: M, mean; Min-Max, minimal and maximal values; N, number of specimens; R, recent. For sources see Material and Methods.
| Tooth | Locality | Age | Breadth, B | L tr/B ratio | L ta/L tr ratio | N | |||
| M | Min-Max | M | Min-Max | M | Min-Max | ||||
| M1 | Silesia | R | 21.49 | 18.59-24.69 | 80.9 | 74.9-85.7 | 76.9 | 69.4-83.9 | 40 |
| Pavlov, Předmostí | 3-2 | 23.45 | 20.45-25.56 | 80.8 | 72.9-85.6 | 74.4 | 69.2-83.9 | 21 | |
| Niedźwiedzia Cave | 3 | 24.73 | 22.78-26.79 | 74.9 | 68.3-84.1 | 76.5 | 68.9-84.8 | 18 | |
| Zoolithenhöhle | 3 | 23.79 | 21.76-25.54 | 81.9 | 74.3-78.6 | 77.3 | 71.9-82.8 | 19 | |
| Jaurens Cave | 3 | 21.24 | 19.00-22.60 | 78.6 | 72.1-86.9 | 10 | |||
| Biśnik Cave, l. 7-5 | 3 | 25.76 | 23.43-28.63 | 84.6 | 64.7-88.2 | 73.8 | 70.3-76.9 | 14 | |
| Biśnik Cave, l. 10-9 | 5a | 24.88 | 22.17-27.74 | 82.9 | 79.4-86.9 | 71.7 | 63.8-76.9 | 11 | |
| Banwell Bone Cave | 5a | 22.81 | 18.84-24.69 | 83.5 | 81.6-86.2 | 6 | |||
| Biśnik Cave, l. 13 | 5e | 21.34 | 19.66-23.47 | 80.5 | 76.2-86.1 | 72.6 | 69.8-75.1 | 9 | |
| Romain-la-Roche | 6 | 18.98 | 16.60-21.00 | 84.4 | 82.4-86.2 | 45 | |||
TABLE 4. The comparison of some postcranial bones size of the extant Vulpes vulpes and Vulpes lagopus. Abbreviations: dB, breadth of the distal epiphysis; GL, greatest length; M, mean; Min-Max, minimal and maximal values; N, number of specimens; pL, length of the proximal epiphysis; R, recent. For sources see Material and methods.
| Parameter | Sex | Vulpes vulpes | Vulpes lagopus | ||||
| M | Min-Max | N | M | Min-Max | N | ||
| humerus | |||||||
| GL | ♂♂ | 154.6 | 124.8-164.6 | 37 | 114.4 | 103.6-124.7 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 126.7 | 115.6-134.8 | 31 | 101.6 | 90.4-111.8 | 28 | |
| pL | ♂♂ | 27.4 | 22.8-32.7 | 37 | 20.4 | 16.7-24.1 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 23.3 | 16.9-26.2 | 31 | 17.4 | 14.9-19.4 | 28 | |
| dB | ♂♂ | 24.6 | 18.9-29.7 | 37 | 18.4 | 16.6-20.6 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 20.4 | 19.6-21.1 | 31 | 17.1 | 14.8-18.8 | 28 | |
| radius | |||||||
| GL | ♂♂ | 144.6 | 119.7-163.9 | 37 | 104.9 | 97.8-116.6 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 116.9 | 108.1-143.7 | 31 | 93.2 | 85.6-104.2 | 28 | |
| pL | ♂♂ | 13.4 | 10.7-14.5 | 37 | 10.9 | 7.4-12.2 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 11.2 | 8.7-12.9 | 31 | 9.9 | 6.6-10.9 | 28 | |
| dB | ♂♂ | 17.4 | 14.6-19.1 | 37 | 14.2 | 13.4-16.8 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 14.4 | 13.7-16.6 | 31 | 12.9 | 11.66-14.78 | 28 | |
| femur | |||||||
| GL | ♂♂ | 148.88 | 124.84-166.97 | 37 | 111.9 | 102.6-122.4 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 126.66 | 117.84-134.67 | 31 | 100.2 | 93.7-108.7 | 28 | |
| pL | ♂♂ | 28.97 | 26.56-34.38 | 37 | 23.41 | 21.56-24.48 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 24.66 | 23.19-26.64 | 31 | 20.44 | 18.89-21.79 | 28 | |
| dB | ♂♂ | 23.79 | 21.45-25.56 | 37 | 19.77 | 17.24-20.44 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 20.32 | 19.34-21.87 | 31 | 17.66 | 15.52-18.89 | 28 | |
| tibia | |||||||
| GL | ♂♂ | 167.97 | 146.79-175.74 | 37 | 129.76 | 115.64-145.81 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 141.45 | 126.78-156.56 | 31 | 116.78 | 104.69-126.45 | 28 | |
| pL | ♂♂ | 25.67 | 22.78-32.34 | 37 | 20.88 | 17.87-24.45 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 21.84 | 19.97-25.39 | 31 | 19.64 | 15.86-21.44 | 28 | |
| dB | ♂♂ | 18.74 | 16.45-25.27 | 37 | 14.97 | 13.11-21.22 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 14.88 | 12.59-20.37 | 31 | 13.92 | 12.68-18.64 | 28 | |
| calcaneus | |||||||
| GL | ♂♂ | 35.54 | 30.29-40.44 | 37 | 28.97 | 26.32-32.34 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 31.53 | 27.54-35.56 | 31 | 26.91 | 25.54-29.56 | 28 | |
| talus | |||||||
| GL | ♂♂ | 21.94 | 18.73-24.45 | 37 | 17.97 | 15.93-19.97 | 34 |
| ♀♀ | 19.56 | 17.24-21.56 | 31 | 16.04 | 15.06-17.56 | 28 | |
