SEARCH SEARCH

Article Search

TABLE 1. List of 61 Tyrannosaurus rex specimens that were collected by, and are curated in, a public trust. Superscript T (T) indicates type specimens, superscript J (J) indicates juveniles.

# Specimen number State parts preserved Year collected
1 AMNH FARB 3982 SD cervical centra 1892
2 NHMUK R7994 WY incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1900
3 CM 9380T MT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1902
4 CM 1400 WY incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1902
5 CM 9401 MT lacrimal 1903
6 AMNH FARB 5027 MT skull, incomplete postcranium 1908
7 AMNH FARB 5029 MT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1908
8 AMNH FARB 5117 WY incomplete skull 1908
9 AMNH FARB 5050J MT incomplete dentary 1909
10 CMNH 7541T,J MT skull 1942
11 MOR 002 MT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1965
12 LACM 28471J MT incomplete skull 1966
13 UCMP 137234 MT lower jaws 1966
14 MOR 008 MT incomplete skull 1967
15 LACM 23844 MT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1967
16 LACM 23845 MT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1967
17 TMM 41436-1 TX maxilla 1970
18 UCMP 118742 MT incomplete skull 1977
19 SDSM 12047 SD incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1981
20 TMP 1981.012.0001 AB incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1981
21 TMP 1981.006.0001 AB skull, incomplete postcranium 1981
22 MOR 009 MT incomplete postcranium 1981
23 NMMNH P-3698 NM incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1983
24 UCMP 131583 MT partial skull, partial postcranium 1984
25 UCMP 140418 MT humerus 1984
26 MOR 555 MT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1990
27 RSM 2347.1J SK maxilla 1991
28 DMNH 2827 CO ncomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1992
29 UWGM 181 MT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1993
30 UCMP 140506 MT partial postcranium 1993
31 RSM 2523.8 SK incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1994
32 LPD 977-2 WY partial skeleton 1992
33 MOR 980 MT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 1997
34 MOR 1126 MT partial skull, partial postcranium 2000
35 MOR 1131 MT partial cranium 2000
36 MOR 1125 MT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 2001
37 UCRC PV1 WY incomplete postcranium 2001
38 UMNH 1100 UT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 2001
39 MOR 1128 MT incomplete skeleton 2001
40 BMRP 2002.4.1J MT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 2001
41 BMRP 2001.4.70J MT incomplete postcranium 2001
42 USNM 720145 MT partial skull, incomplete postcranium 2002
43 MOR 1189J MT hindlimbs 2002
44 LACM 150167 MT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 2003
45 BMRP 2006.6.4 MT incomplete postcranium 2006
46 DDM 35.1J MT incomplete tibia 2006
47 MOR 2822 MT incomplete skull 2006
48 MOR 2925 MT partial postcranium 2007
49 RSM 2990.1 SK lacrimal 2007
50 MOR 3028 MT partial hindlimb 2010
51 MOR 3044 MT partial maxilla 2010
52 MOR 6625 MT partial dentary and maxilla 2010
53 TATE 2222 WY incomplete postcranium 2011
54 DDM 344.1J MT frontal 2012
55 UWBM 99000 MT skull, incomplete postcranium 2015
56 KUVP 156375J MT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 2015
57 KUVP 155809 MT partial skull and skeleton ?
58 DDM 1536.8 MT incomplete metatarsal III 2018
59 DDM 1562,14J MT first maxillary tooth 2018
60 DDM 1863.11J MT first maxillary tooth 2019
61 DDM 2355J MT partial skull, partial skeleton 2022

State/Province abbreviations: AB, Alberta, Canada; CO, Colorado; MT, Montana; ND, North Dakota; NM, New Mexico; SD, South Dakota; SK, Saskatchewan, Canada; TX, Texas; UT, Utah; WY, Wyoming. 

 

 

 

TABLE 2. List of 71 commercially and privately held Tyrannosaurus rex specimens; the available information on “King Kong” is contradictory and so it appears twice (#10, #43). The three specimens with the same number, “TE-36,” are indeed three separate specimens according to the now-defunct website. An asterisk (*) marks specimens that are outside of the United States; a superscript J (J) indicates a juvenile specimen.

# Specimen moniker State Year found / collected Relative completeness Source
1 Samson SD 1992 skull and skeleton Bonhams, 2009
2 Stan* SD 1992 skull and skeleton Larson N.L., 2008
3 Bowman ND 1993 partial postcranium Larson, N.L., 2008
4 Duffy SD 1993 skull and partial skeleton Larson, N.L., 2008
5 Double-O-seven ND 1994 partial skull and skeleton Larson, N.L., 2008
6 Barnum WY 1995 partial skull and skeleton Larson, N.L., 2008
7 Steven SD 1995 partial skull and skeleton Larson, N.L., 2008
8 n/a ND 1995 partial skull, partial skeleton Bonhams, 2006
9 Foxy Lady SD 1996 partial skull and skeleton Larson, N.L., 2008
10 Tinker/Rocky SD 1997 skull and partial skeleton Larson, N.L., 20 08;
Poese, 2018
11 Ollie, Rex-A/King Kong MT 1998 partial skull and skeleton Larson, N.L., 2008 ;
Stein, 2019
12 Bill Alley T. rex SD 1998 partial skull and skeleton Larson, N.L., 2008
13 Rex-C SD 1999 partial skull and skeleton Larson, N.L., 2008
14 E. D. Cope SD 2000 partial skull and skeleton Larson, N.L., 2008
15 Monty WY 2000 partial skull and skeleton Larson, N.L., 2008
16 Tristan Otto*=Butch=Vallee/Ciotka/Pangea specimen MT 2001 skull and skeleton Museum für Naturkunde, 2018
Robert Butch Vallee v. Terry Ciotka et al 2018
Renda, 2017
17 Wayne SD 2004 partial postcranium Larson, N.L., 2008
18 Ivan SD 2005 partial postcranium McCoy, 2018
19 dentaryJ - 2005 dentary anecdote
20 pathologic humerus - 2005 humerus personal observation
21 Southwest Adventist specimen J WY 2006 skull and skeleton Dinosaur Science Museum, 2024
22 Dinoland Plus pelvis and leg MT 2008 pelvis and leg Dinoland Plus
23 maxillaJ MT 2009 maxilla anecdote from eyewitness
24 TE-36/Roosevelt/Rosie A, B, C MT 2012 partial skeleton Theropoda Expeditions, 2017
Stoneberg, 2018
25 TE-36/Roosevelt/Rosie A, B, C MT 2012 partial skeleton Theropoda Expeditions, 2017
Stoneberg, 2018
26 TE-36/Roosevelt/Rosie A, B, C WY 2012 partial skeleton Theropoda Expeditions, 2017
Stoneberg, 2018
27 Russell MT 2012   Theropoda Expeditions, 2017
28 Trinity/Garfield County 1 MT 2012 axial skeleton Koller, 2023
29 TE-76 MT 2013 single bone Theropoda Expeditions, 2017
30 TE-76 MT 2013 vertebrae Theropoda Expeditions, 2017
31 Baby Bob/Son of SamsonJ MT 2013 partial skull, partial skeleton ebay
32 Victoria/Darwin/Shen SD 2013 skull and skeleton Trimble, 2019
Christie’s, 2022
33 Trinity/Garfield County 2 MT 2013 axial and pelvic skeleton Koller, 2023
34 Trinity/Weston County WY 2013 partial skull, partial skeleton Koller, 2023
35 Titus* MT 2014 partial skull and skeleton My Nottingham News, 2021
36 TE-73/Rees MT 2015 skull, caudal series Theropoda Expeditions, 2017
37 TE-077 MT 2015 skull and jaws Theropoda Expeditions, 2017
38 JKrex† (=Barbara?) MT 2017   CK Preparations, 2021
39 Krex/Ryker/Tyson MT 2018 skull and skeleton CK Preparations, 2021
Tribe, T., 2023
Girardon, 2022
40 ChomperJ MT 2019 skull and skeleton Shaw, 2023
41 Triebold juvenile J MT 2021 skull and skeleton Simons, 2020
42 Fossil Excavators “Beautiful Nightmare” maxilla J ND 2021 maxilla Olson, 2021
Dura, 2021
43 Fossil Excavators adult vertebrae ND 2021 vertebrae Olson, 2021
Dura, 2021
44 Leonard - 2022 hind limb PaleoAdventures, 2022
45 CupcakeJ - - skull The amazing traveling dinosaur show, Ltd. Facebook page, 2014
[post dated: November 10, 2014]
46 King Kong - - skull and skeleton Stein, 2019
47 Regina - -   Carroll, 2014
48 braincaseJ - - braincase anecdote from eyewitness
49 Tag/Tad - - skull and skeleton Tie, 2018
50 Triebold “Nanotyrannus” J SD - skull and skeleton Triebold Paleontology, 2024
51 dentaryJ - - dentary personal observation in auction catalog
52 “misc parts” - -   AAPS, 2025b
53 Dynamo - - skull that dinosaur guy (@T rexcellence), 2021
[twitter post dated: April 14, 2021]
54 Metarex - - - Metarex, 2021
55 JodiJ MT - partial skull and skeleton Pangea Fossils Facebook page, 2023
56 n/a SD -   Vondracek, 2018
57 Peter/Torvik/Altmuhital WY - partial skull and skeleton Burnham et al. 2022
Dorr, 2021
58 Valerie SD - skull and partial skeleton Triebold Paleontology, 2024
Gorman, 2022
59 Maximus SD - skull and jaws Hilsman, 2022
60 Barbara† (=JKRex?) MT - partial skull and skeleton Aukland Museum, 2022
61 n/a - - 1 specimen Babiarz Institute of Paleontological Sciences (Stein, 2019)
62 n/a - - 1 specimen Anonymous 4, unknown collector (Stein, 2019)
63 n/a - - 1 specimen Mike Harris collections (Stein, 2019)
64 n/a - - 1 specimen Poel (correct spelling?) collection (Stein, 2019)
65 n/a - - 1 specimen Poel (correct spelling?) collection (Stein, 2019)
66 n/a MT - - anecdote
67 n/a SD - - anecdote
68 n/a MT - maxilla and teeth Bonhams, 2013
69 n/a - - skull and jaws Cruz, 2022
70 CasperJ WY - skull and jaws Kokkegård, 2021
71 Glendive juvenileJ MT - pelvis personal observation

See Table 1 for state/province abbreviations.

 

TABLE 3. The nine commercially collected Tyrannosaurus rex specimens that were later accessioned into a public trust. Superscript J (J) indicates juvenile specimens.

# specimen number company state parts preserved year
collected
1 FMNH PR2081 BHIGR SD skull, postcranium 1990
2 FMNH PR2411J BHIGR SD lacrimal 1990
3 FMNH tibia BHIGR SD partial tibia 1990
4 FMNH partial dentaryJ - - partial dentary -
5 Bucky BHIGR SD incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 2001
6 Wyrex BHIGR MT incomplete skull, incomplete postcranium 2002
7 Trix BHIGR (in part) MT skull, postcranium 2013
8 Fukui dentary - - dentary 2018
9 DuelerJ Phipps/BHIGR MT skull, postcranium 2006

See Table 1 for state/province abbreviations.

 

 

TABLE 4. The prices of Tyrannosaurus rex specimens, with the original price and the current price adjusted for inflation. Asterisks indicate specimens that sold; including specimens that did not sell gives a more complete estimation of what the market expects for a T. rex fossil. The “Dueling Dinosaurs” were purchased for $6M, and the price of the T. rex is estimated here as half of that price. All prices are in USD; the US Inflation Calculator (https://www.usinflationcalculator.com/) was used to adjust for the difference in inflation between now and the year the prices were published. Data for “Barnum” is from Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dinosaur_specimens_sold_at_auction). The price of Tinker was the amount on offer in 2014; the actual sale price is unknown.

Specimen moniker Original
Price
Year Price adjusted to 2024 Deposition
Sue* $8.36M 1997 $16.4M Public trust
Barnum $0.93M 2004 $1.55M Private/commercial
Samson* $5M 2009 $7.34M Private
Tinker* $9.8M 2014 $13.03M Private/
Trix $4.8M 2014 $6.38M Public trust
Baby Bob/Son of Samson $2.95M 2019 $3.63M Commercial
Stan* $31.8M 2020 $38.68 Private
Dueler* $3M 2020 $3.65M Public trust
Roosevelt $2.39M 2020 $2.91M Private/commercial
Peter/Torvik $8.94M 2021 $10.39M Private
Maximus* $6.1M 2022 $6.56M Private/commercial
Trinity* $6.1M 2023 $6.3M Private
Chomper $22.34M 2023 $23.08M Commercial
MEAN     $10.8M  

 

 

 

TABLE 5. Summary of 19 commercially-obtained Tyrannosaurus rex specimens that, as of this writing, are outside of the United States. For sources see Table 2.

# Specimen Location
1 Barbara/JKRex New Zealand
2 Cupcake Canada
3 Dynamo ?
4 Fukui dentary Japan
5 “misc parts” United Kingdom
6 Altmuhital/Peter/Torvik New Zealand
7 Regina Middle East
8 Darwin/Shen/Victoria Hong Kong
9 Tad/Tag Hong Kong
10 Rocky/Tinker Germany
11 Titus United Kingdom
12 Trinity Garfield County 1 Switzerland
13 Trinity Garfield County 2 Switzerland
14 Trinity Weston County Switzerland
15 Butch/Pangea/Tristan Otto Germany
16 Trix Netherlands
17 KRex/Ryker/Tyson Japan
18 n/a Mexico

 

 

 

 

TABLE 6. Summary of information content in the skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex , based on the data set of Carr (2020). The ratio of the number of states to the number of characters for each element was taken to quantify mean information value content across all parts.

Part # characters # states Ratio
Body 2 6 3
Skull 1 2 2
Snout 5 10 2
Bony palate 2 4 2
Bony naris 1 2 2
Subnarial foramen 1 3 3
Incisive foramen 1 2 2
External antorbital fenestra 2 6 3
Internal antorbital fenestra 2 4 2
Bony choana 6 12 2
Orbital fenestra 2 5 2.5
Palatine fenestra 3 6 2
Suborbital fenestra 1 3 3
Postorbital bar 4 8 2
Laterotemporal fenestra 1 2 2
Secondry laterotemporal fenestra 1 2 2
Adductor region 1 2 2
Dorsotemporal fossa 1 2 2
Paraquadrate foramen 1 2 2
Fossa for ventral pterygoid 1 3 3
Foramen magnum 1 2 2
External mandibular fenestra 1 2 2
Internal mandibular fenestra 1 3 3
Meckelian fossa 1 2 2
Nasolacrimal joint 1 2 2
Lacrimoprefrontal joint 1 2 2
Premaxilla 44 89 2
Maxilla 123 269 2.2
Nasal 42 89 2.1
Lacrimal 121 310 2.6
Jugal 77 180 2.3
Postorbital 71 152 2.1
Squamosal 63 129 2.1
Quadratojugal 45 97 2.2
Quadrate 28 58 2.1
Prefrontal 1 3 3.0
Frontal 89 205 2.3
Parietal 27 58 2.2
Vomer 17 36 2.1
Ectopterygoid 32 66 2.1
Palatine 49 120 2.5
Pterygoid 2 4 2.0
Epipterygoid 9 19 2.1
Supraoccipital 4 9 2.3
Otoccipital 15 31 2.1
Basioccipital 24 54 2.3
Basisphenoid 15 30 2.0
Subcondylar recess 1 2 2.0
Basisphenoid recess 1 2 2.0
Laterosphenoid 9 19 2.1
Endocranium 10 20 2.0
Braincase sutures 6 13 2.2
Mandibular ramus 1 2 2.0
Craniomandibular joint 1 2 2.0
Dentary 77 168 2.2
Surangular 36 77 2.1
Splenial 7 16 2.3
Angular 4 9 2.3
Prearticular 6 12 2.0
Dentition 18 44 2.4
Atlas intercentrum 27 57 2.1
Atlas neurapophysis 1 2 2.0
Axis 72 154 2.1
Postaxial cervicals 6 12 2.0
Cervical 3 10 20 2.0
Cervical 5 5 10 2.0
Cervical 6 4 8 2.0
Cervical 8 4 8 2.0
Cervical series 1 2 2.0
Dorsal vertebrae 10 21 2.1
Dorsal A 2 4 2.0
Dorsal B 3 6 2.0
Dorsal D 6 12 2.0
Dorsal E 4 8 2.0
Sacrum 4 8 2.0
Caudal vertebrae 6 12 2.0
Caudal 1 12 24 2.0
Caudal 2 3 6 2.0
Caudal 3 13 26 2.0
Caudal 4 11 22 2.0
Caudal 5 23 26 2.0
Caudal 6 12 24 2.0
Caudal 7 12 24 2.0
Caudal 8 13 27 2.1
Caudal 9 17 34 2.0
Caudal 10 10 22 2.2
Caudal 11 13 27 2.1
Caudal 12 17 34 2.0
Caudal 13 14 28 2.0
Caudal 14 19 38 2.0
Caudal 15 13 26 2.0
Caudal 16 15 30 2.0
Scapulocoracoid 3 6 2.0
Scapula 25 52 2.1
Coracoid 21 45 2.1
Humerus 12 26 2.2
Ilium 20 40 2.0
Pubis 6 12 2.0
Ischium 12 24 2.0
Femur 9 20 2.2
Tibia 27 58 2.2
Fibula 42 94 2.2
Metatarsal II 10 26 2.6
Metatarsal III 22 49 2.2
Metatarsal IV 10 21 2.1
Metatarsal V 15 33 2.2
D I, PH 1 1 2 2.0
D II, PH 1 10 20 2.0
D II, PH 2 21 45 2.1
D III, PH 1 10 20 2.0
D III, PH 2 12 24 2.0
D IV PH 1 18 36 2.0
D IV PH 2 12 24 2.0
D IV PH 3 11 22 2.0
D IV PH 4 13 29 2.2
Pedal unguals 3 8 2.7
Growth rings 2 12 6.0
Growth rate 1 2 2.0
TOTAL 1,850 4,005 n/a
MEAN 20.5 33.9 2.2

 

 

 

 

 

Table 7. Summary of commercially- or privately owned Tyrannosaurus rex specimens that have appeared in peer-reviewed scientific and technical articles. Asterisk (*) indicates articles in which BHI 4182 is given incorrectly as BHI 4812. Table 7.

Specimen Sources
BHI 116 Currie, 2003a
BHI 1266 Bates et al. 2009; Dececchi et al. 2020; Farlow et al. 2013
BHI 2033 Currie, 1998; Holtz, 1995
BHI 3033 Bates and Falkingham, 2012; Bates et al. 2009; Brown et al. 2015; Brusatte, et al. 2012; Campione et al. 2014; Carr, 2010; Carr and Williamson, 2004; Carr, et al. 2005; Carrano and Hutchinson, 2002; Currie, 1998, 2003a, 2003b; Currie et al. 2003; Dalman and Lucas, 2017; Dalman et al. 2024; Dececchi et al. 2020; Derstler and Myers, 2008; Happ, 2008; Hurum and Currie, 2000; Hurum and Sabath, 2003; Hutchinson et al. 2011; Larson, N.L., 2008; Larson P.L., 2008a, 2008b, 2013; Larsson, 2008; Lautenschlager, 2015; Lipkin and Carpenter, 2008; Loewen et al. 2013; Longrich and Saitta, 2024; Molnar, 2008; Paul, 2008; Paul et al. 2022; Persons and Currie, 2011; Persons et al. 2020; Peterson and Daus, 2019; Rayfield, 2004; Reichel, 2010; Rothschild, 2013; Rothschild and Molnar, 2008; Samman, 2013; Smith et al. 2005; Snively et al. 2006; Snively and Russell, 2007; Stein and Triebold, 2013; Stevens et al. 2008; Thomson et al. 2013; Witmer and Ridgely, 2008, 2009
BHI 4100 Brown et al. 2015; Brusatte et al. 2012; Carr, 2010; Carr and Williamson, 2004; Gignac and Erickson, 2017; Larson N.L., 2008; Larson P.L., 2008a, 2008b, 2013; Molnar, 2008
BHI 4182 Brown et al. 2015*; Larson N.L., 2008; Larson P.L., 2008a, 2008b*, 2013
BHI 6219 Larson N.L., 2008
BHI 6230 Farlow et al. 2013; Lipkin and Carpenter, 2008; Molnar, 2008; Larson N.L., 2008; Larson P.L., 2008a, 2008b, 2013; Rothschild, 2013
BHI 6231 Larson, P.L., 2008a
BHI 6232 Larson, P.L., 2008a
BHI 6233 Larson, P.L., 2008a
BHI 6235 Larson, P.L., 2008a, 2013
BHI 6239 Larson, N.L., 2008
BHI 6241 Larson, P.L., 2013
BHI 6242 Larson, P.L., 2008a
BHI 6243 Larson, P.L., 2013
BHI 6248 Larson, N.L., 2008
BHI 6402 Larson, P.L., 2013
HRS specimens Longrich and Saitta, 2024
Samson Paul et al. 2022
Tristan Otto Hamm et al. 2018, 2022; Paul et al. 2022; Sattler and Schwarz, 2019