SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 1. Late Miocene to early Pleistocene occurrences of Cervidae in the fossil record of North America. Geographic and chronologic data were derived from a wide range of literature sources, as well as occurrences listed in the MIOMAP/FAUNMAP Databases (Carrasco et al., 2007; Graham and Lundelius, 2010; http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/neomap/) and NOW Database (The NOW Community, 2024; http://nowdatabase.org/). Note that some occurrences lack generic assignments while others are contentious, these are labeled as “indet.” below.
| Locality Number (NOW Database) | Locality Name | Age | NALMA | Taxon | Lat., Long. Coordinates |
| Pacific Northwest PN2B | Craig's Hill | 7.41-4.9 Ma | late Hemphillian | cf. Bretzia sp. | 46.633, -120.549 |
| Pacific Northwest PN3C | White Bluffs local fauna | 4.98-4.81 Ma | latest Hemphillian or earliest Blancan | Bretzia pseudalces | 46.279, -119.192 |
| Pacific Northwest PN4 | Ringold fauna | 4.91-2.63 Ma | early Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 47.0425, -122.893056 |
| Pacific Northwest PN23A | Hagerman Local Fauna | 3.79-3.40 Ma | early Blancan | Odocoileus brachyodontus | 42.776846, -114.949329 |
| Pacific Northwest PN23C | Birch Creek | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | Bretzia sp. | 43.613739, -116.237651 |
| California Coast CC39 | Upper Etchegoin Formation | 4.2-3.6 Ma | early Blancan | Bretzia sp. | 35.9, -120 |
| California Coast CC43A | Tehama Local Fauna | 4.91-2.63 Ma | early Blancan | Bretzia sp. | 40.024, -122.123 |
| California Coast CC46 | Aguanga | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | indet | 33.442, -116.865 |
| Northern Great Basin NB13C | Anza-Borrego/ Vallecito Creek | 2.63-0.9 Ma | late Blancan or early Irvingtonian | Odocoileus sp. | 38.555605, -121.468926 |
| Northern Great Basin NB35IIIA | Washoe Local Fauna | 5.91-4.91 Ma | late Hemphillian | indet | 39.160833, -119.753889 |
| Northern Great Basin NB35IIIB | Buckeye Creek Local Fauna | 4.91-2.63 Ma | early Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 38.976667, -119.539722 |
| Northern Great Basin NB36 | Wichman Faunule | 4.91-1.8 Ma | early or late Blancan | indet | 38.66666667, -118.9166667 |
| West Coast Marine WM26 | San Diego Formation | 4.91-2.63 Ma | early Blancan | indet | 32.715, -117.1625 |
| Southern Great Basin SB14F | Curtis Ranch | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 32.11361, -109.92111 |
| Southern Great Basin SB15A | Duncan Arizona | 4.91-2.63 Ma | early Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 33.101667, -109.268611 |
| Southern Great Basin SB18II | 111 Ranch | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | Cervus sp. | 32.801731, -109.632858 |
| Southern Great Basin SB31D | San Simon Local Fauna | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 32.267800, -109.228000 |
| Southern Great Basin SB34IIA | Walnut Canyon local fauna | 5.91-4.91 Ma | late Hemphillian | indet | 34.156, -108.319 |
| Southern Great Basin SB34IV | Pearson Mesa Local Fauna | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 35.667222, -105.964444 |
| Southern Great Basin SB35C | Arroyo de la Parida | 4.91-2.63 Ma | early Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 34.081, -106.884 |
| Southern Great Basin SB37D | Mesilla Basin Fauna B | 2.63-0.9 Ma | late Blancan or early Irvingtonian | Odocoileus sp. | 32.16667, -106.8333 |
| Southern Great Basin SB38IIC | Arroyo Ojito Formation | 4.91-2.63 Ma | early Blancan | indet | 35.667222, -105.964444 |
| Southern Great Basin SB50 | Red Light Local Fauna | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 30.75, -105 |
| Southern Great Basin SB63 | Minaca Mesa & Hearst Ranch, Chihuahua | 4.91-2.63 Ma | early Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 28, -107.25 |
| Southern Great Basin SB65 | Rancho Viejo, Guanajuato | 4.91-1.8 Ma | early or late Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 21.01666667, -100.7833333 |
| Central America CA6B | Noc Ac, Merida, Mexico | 4,91-2.63 Ma | early Blancan | indet | 21.066668, -89.71668 |
| Southern Great Plains SP1H | Cita Canyon Local Fauna | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 34.97, -101.9 |
| Southern Great Plains SP5 | Blanco Local Fauna | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | Odocoileus brachyodontus | 29.910577, -95.060882 |
| Southern Great Basin SB49 | Huspeth Local Fauna | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 30.267222, -97.763889 |
| Central Great Plains CP97 | Pickstown and Wood Sand Pit | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | indet | 43.21, -98.59 |
| Central Great Plains CP116F | Santee fauna | 5.91-4.91 Ma | late Hemphillian | Bretzia pseudalces | 42.815833, -97.725278 |
| Central Great Plains CP117A | Lisco Local Fauna | 4.91-2.63 Ma | early Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 40.809868, -96.675345 |
| Central Great Plains CP128C | Rexroad Local Fauna | 4.91-2.63 Ma | early Blancan | Odocoileus brachyodontus | 39.055833, -95.689444 |
| East Coast Marine EM8B | Lee Creek Mine | 5.333-3.6 Ma | late Hemphillian or early Blancan | indet | 35.4, -76.8 |
| Gulf Coast GC13B | Palmetto Fauna | 5.0-4.7 Ma | late Hemphillian or early Blancan | Eocoileus gentryorum | 28.18222, -81.82417 |
| Gulf Coast GC14A | Santa Fe River | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 30.23, -82.63 |
| Gulf Coast GC15A | Haile 15A | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | Odocoileus virginianus | 29.61667, -82.36667 |
| Gulf Coast GC16 | St. Petersburg Times Site | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | Odocoileus sp. | 27.78333333, -82.68333333 |
| Gulf Coast GC17A | Macasphalt Shell Pit Local Fauna | 2.63-1.8 Ma | late Blancan | Odocoileus virginianus | 27.366667, -82.45 |
| Gulf Coast GC18IV | Nashua Formation | 1.8-0.9 Ma | Irvingtonian | Odocoileus virginianus | 28.133333, -81.631667 |
| Central East America CE1 | Gray Fossil Site | 4.9-4.5 Ma | latest Hemphillian or early Blancan | Eocoileus gentryorum | 36.386559, -82.498451 |
| Stanton County, NB | latest Pleistocene or early Holocene | Bretzia nebrascensis | 41.950, -97.223 | ||
| Lincoln County, SD | latest Pleistocene or early Holocene | Bretzia nebrascensis | 43.280, -96.720 | ||
| Atotonilco El Grande Formation | 4.2-2.63 Ma | early Blancan | Capreolus constantini | 20.307, -98.765 | |
| los Hornitos | 3.9-2.6 Ma | Blancan | Odocoileus virginianus | 30.413, -109.386 | |
| El Golfo de Santa Clara | 1.8-0.9 Ma | Irvingtonian | Odocoileus virginianus | 28.009, -110.924 |
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 2. Definitions of dental and postcranial measurements in this study. Measurements generally follow von den Driesch (1976); note that proximal phalanx measurements directly match those of Palma-Ramirez et al. (2023).
dP3L = deciduous P3 length
dP3W = deciduous P3 width
dP4L = deciduous P4 length
dP4W = deciduous P4 width
M1L = M1 length
M1W = M1 width
M2L = M2 length
M2W = M2 width
HuAPD = Humerus midshaft anteroposterior diameter
HuMLD = Humerus midshaft mediolateral diameter
HuDiArtML = Humerus distal articular (capitulum and trochlea) mediolateral breadth (=BT of von den Driesch, 1976)
HuDiArtAP = Humerus distal articular (capitulum and trochlea) anteroposterior breadth
HuDiML = Humerus distal mediolateral epicondylar breadth (=Bd of von den Driesch, 1976)
HuDiAP = Humerus distal anteroposterior epicondylar breadth
TiL = Tibia length (=GL of von den Driesch, 1976)
TiAPD = Tibia midshaft anteroposterior diameter
TiMLD = Tibia midshaft mediolateral diameter
TiPrML = Tibia proximal end mediolateral breadth (=Bp of von den Driesch, 1976)
TiDiML = Tibia distal end mediolateral breadth (=Bd of von den Driesch, 1976)
AstL = Astragalus maximum anteroposterior length (=GLl of von den Driesch, 1976)
AstW = Astragalus maximum mediolateral width (=Bd of von den Driesch, 1976)
PhL = Proximal phalanx length (=GL of von den Driesch, 1976)
PhPrML = Proximal phalanx proximal end mediolateral breadth (=Bp of von den Driesch, 1976)
PhDiML = Proximal phalanx distal end mediolateral breadth (=Bd of von den Driesch, 1976)
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 3. Dental and postcranial measurements (in mm) of all specimens of Eocoileus gentryorum from the Gray Fossil Site, and a comparative sample of Neogene and modern cervid species. For UF specimens of E. gentryorum we indicate whether specimens were among the referred list in Webb (2000) or identified as such later. (This table is supplied as a spreadsheet for download.)
