FIGURE 1. Venice, Florida study area. A, location map of the Venice, Sarasota County, Florida, USA, coastline and shallow continental shelf modified from NOAA chart #11424. The submerged collecting area from which elasmobranch remains were recovered is demarcated by the parallelogram with diagonal lines and specific collecting zones are labeled as northern, middle, and southern regions. B, inset map of peninsular Florida showing approximate terrestrial surface area across the late Miocene–early Pliocene (green), the location of the ancestral shoreline ~21 ka during the Last Glacial Maximum (dark blue), and the present-day shoreline (light blue) modified from Bryan et al. (2008). Depths in meters. Star in B represents Venice, Florida.
FIGURE 2. Composite of underwater images showing different types of seafloor exposures within the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf study area. A, hardbottom reef with underlying clay indicated by arrow. B, hardbottom reef scarp with adjacent, boulder-sized rubble. C, cobble-sized pavement with arrows indicating sirenian bone fragments. D, scoured and bioeroded hardbottom limestone with arrow indicating fragmentary O. megalodon tooth. E, rubble-sand rows with underlying clay exposure indicated by arrow. F, silty-sand rows with underlying clay exposure indicated by arrow. Scale bars in A-B, F = 1 m; C-E = 5 cm.
FIGURE 3. Composite of underwater images for the northern (A–B), middle (C–D), and southern (E–F) regions of the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf study area. A–B, large cobble to boulder-sized rubble pavement deposited adjacent to hardbottom exposures. C–D, pebbly sand rows (C) that frequently contain an abundance of phosphatic debris (D). E–F, low-lying limestone and clay exposures at or near the seafloor containing minor amounts of phosphorite and occasional invertebrate fossils. Note arrows in E indicate limestone and clay exposures and arrow in F indicates in situ Chesapecten sp. Scale bars in A–B, E = 10 cm; C–D, F = 5 cm.
FIGURE 4. Squaliform, heterodontiform, and orectolobiform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-B, Squalus sp. (UF-VP560804). C-K, Isistius triangulus upper anterior (C-H; UF-VP560805) and lower anterior (I-K; UF-VP560806) teeth. L-O, Heterodontus sp. molariform tooth (UF-VP560807). P-T, Ginglymostoma cirratum anterior tooth (UF-VP560808). Orientations = lingual: A, C, I, L, P; labial: B, D, K, M, Q; lateral: E, F, J, R; occlusal: G, N, S; basal: H, O, T. Scale bars: A-K = 1 mm; L-T = 2 mm.
FIGURE 5. Lamniform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-L, Carcharias taurus symphyseal (A-D; UF-VP560812), anterior (E-F; UF-VP560813), intermediate (G-H; UF-VP560814), and anterolateral (I-L; UF-VP560815-UF-VP560816) teeth. Orientations = lingual: A, E, G, I, K; labial: B, F, H, J, L; lateral: C, D. All scale bars = 1 cm.
FIGURE 6. Lamniform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-L, Otodus megalodon anterior (C-H; UF-VP560821-UF-VP560823), anterolateral (A-B; private collection of Capt. B. Morrow), and posterior (I-L; UF-VP560824-UF-VP560825) teeth. Note possible feeding damage in E-F and I-J. Orientations = lingual: A, C, E, G, I, K; labial: B, D, F, H, J, L. Scale bars: A-D = 5 cm; E-L = 1 cm.
FIGURE 7. Lamniform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-C, Parotodus benedinii anterior tooth (UF-VP560835). D-E, Isurus oxyrinchus anterior tooth (UF-VP560826). F-G, Carcharodon carcharias upper anterior tooth (UF-560828). Carcharodon hastalis upper anterolateral (H-K, UF-VP560829-UF-VP560830) and lower anterolateral (L-O, UF-VP560831-UF-VP560832) teeth. Orientations = lingual: A, D, F, H, J, L, N; labial: C, E, G, I, K, M, O; lateral: B. All scale bars = 1 cm.
FIGURE 8. Carcharhiniform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-O, Scyliorhinus sp. (UF-VP560836-UF-VP560838). P-Y, Mustelus sp. molariform teeth (UF-VP560839-UF-VP560840). Z-AA, Galeorhinus sp. lateral tooth (UF-VP560843). BB-GG, Hemipristis serra upper lateral (BB-CC; UF-VP560844), upper anterolateral (DD-EE; UF-VP560845); and lower anterior (FF-GG; UF-VP560846) teeth. Orientations = lingual: A, F, K, P, U, Z, BB, DD, FF; labial: B, G, L, Q, V, AA, CC, EE, GG; lateral: C, H, M, R, W; occlusal: D, I, N, S, X; basal: E, J, O, T, Y. Scale bars: A-E, Z-AA = 2 mm, F-Y = 1 mm; BB-GG = 5 mm.
FIGURE 9. Carcharhiniform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. Galeocerdo aduncus broad-toothed form (A-D, UF-VP560848-UF-VP560849) and narrow-toothed form (E-H, UF-VP560850-UF-VP560851). I-L, Galeocerdo mayumbensis (UF-VP560852-UF-VP560853). M-P, Galeocerdo cuvier (UF-VP560854-UF-VP560855). Q-T, Physogaleus contortus (UF-VP560856-UF-VP560857). Orientations = lingual: A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O, Q, J; labial: B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P, R, T. Scale bars: A-B, E-F, I-N = 1 cm; C-D, G-H, O-T = 5 mm.
FIGURE 10. Carcharhiniform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-V, Rhizoprionodon sp. teeth (UF-VP560858-UF-VP560868). Orientations = lingual: A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O, Q, J, U; labial: B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P, R, T, V. Scale bars: A-F, J-V = 2 mm; G-R = 1 mm.
FIGURE 11. Carcharhiniform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-H, Negaprion brevirostris anterolateral teeth (UF-VP560878; UF-VP561014-UF-VP561016). I-P, Carcharhinus leucas upper anterolateral teeth (UF-VP561019-UF-VP561022). Q-X, Carcharhinus obscurus upper anterolateral teeth (UF-VP561031-UF-VP561034). Orientations = lingual: A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O, Q, S, U, W; labial: B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P, R, T, V, X. All scale bars = 5 mm.
FIGURE 12. Carcharhiniform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-D, Carcharhinus cf. C. falciformis upper anterolateral teeth (UF-VP561017-UF-VP561018). E-H, Carcharhinus cf. C. plumbeus upper anterolateral teeth (UF-VP561043-UF-VP561044). I-L, Carcharhinus cf. C. altimus upper anterior lateral teeth (UF-VP561815-UF-VP561816). M-P, Carcharhinus cf. C. perezii upper anterolateral teeth (UF-VP561039-UF-VP561040). Q-T, Carcharhinus cf. C. brachyurus upper anterolateral teeth (UF-VP561047-UF-VP561048). U-X, Carcharhinus cf. C. porosus upper anterolateral teeth (UF-VP561819-UF-VP561820). Orientations = lingual: A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O, Q, S, U, W; labial: B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P, R, T, V, X. Scale bars: A-N, Q-X = 5 mm; O-P = 2 mm.
FIGURE 13. Carcharhiniform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-D, Carcharhinus cf. C. limbatus upper anterolateral teeth (UF-VP561051-UF-VP561052). E-H, Carcharhinus cf. C. brevipinna upper anterolateral teeth (UF-VP561054-UF-VP561055). I-P, Sphyrna cf. S. zygaena teeth (UF-VP561058-UF-VP561061). Q-T, Sphyrna cf. S. tiburo teeth (UF-VP561062-UF-VP561063). Orientations = lingual: A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O, Q, S; labial: B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P, R, T. Scale bars: A-P = 5 mm; Q-T = 2 mm.
FIGURE 14. Rhinopristiform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-T, Rhynchobatus sp. (UF-VP561064-UF-VP561067). U-DD, Rhinobatos sp. (UF-VP561074-UF-VP561075). Orientations = lingual: A, F, K, P, U, Z; labial: B, G, L, Q, V, AA; lateral: C, H, M, R, W, BB; occlusal: D, I, N, S, X, CC; basal: E, J, O, T, Y, DD. All scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 15. Rhinopristiform rostral spines and teeth and rajiform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-L, Anoxypristis sp. rostral spines (UF-VP561076-UF-VP561078). M-U, Pristis cf. P. pristis rostral spines (UF-VP561823-UF-VP561824). V-EE, Pristis sp. teeth (UF-VP561825-UF-VP561826). FF-TT, Rajidae gen. indet. teeth (UF-VP561079-UF-VP561081). Orientations = dorsoventral: A-B, E-F, I-J, M-N, R-S; lateral: C, G, K, X, CC, HH, MM, RR; anterior: O, R; posterior: P, U; basal: D, H, L, Q, Z, EE, JJ, OO, TT; lingual: V, AA, FF, KK, PP; labial: W, BB, GG, LL, QQ; occlusal: Y, DD, II, NN, SS. Scale bars: A-L, Q-U = 5 mm; M-P = 1 cm; V-TT = 1 mm.
FIGURE 16. Myliobatiform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-NN, Hypanus cf. H. say teeth (UF-VP561827-UF-VP561831; UF-VP561834-UF-VP561836). Orientations = lingual: A, F, K, P, U, Z, EE, JJ; labial: B, G, L, Q, V, AA, FF, KK; lateral: C, H, M, R, W, BB, GG, LL; occlusal: D, I, N, S, X, CC, HH, MM; basal: E, J, O, T, Y, D, II, NN. All scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 17. Myliobatiform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-NN, Hypanus cf. H. americanus teeth (UF-VP561837-UF-VP561840; UF-VP561843-UF-VP561846). Orientations = lingual: A, F, K, P, U, Z, EE, JJ; labial: B, G, L, Q, V, AA, FF, KK; lateral: C, H, M, R, W, BB, GG, LL; occlusal: D, I, N, S, X, CC, HH, MM; basal: E, J, O, T, Y, D, II, NN. All scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 18. Myliobatiform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. Rhinoptera cf. R. bonasus median teeth (A-H, UF-VP561082-UF-VP561083); lateral teeth (I-L, UF-VP561088-UF-VP561089); partial pavement plate (M-Q, UF-VP561087). R-FF, Mobula cf. M. hypostoma (UF-VP561090-UF-VP561092). GG-KK, Mobula cf. M. birostris (UF-VP561093). Orientations = lingual: A, E, I, O, R, W, BB, GG; labial: B, F, J, P, S, X, CC, HH; occlusal: C, G, K, M, U, Z, EE, JJ; basal: D, H, L, N, V, AA, FF, KK; lateral: Q, T, Y, DD, II. Scale bars: A-L = 5 mm; M-Q = 1 cm; R-KK = 1 mm.
FIGURE 19. Myliobatiform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. Aetomylaeus sp. pavement plates (A-I, UF-VP561095-UF-VP561097); median teeth (J-Y, UF-VP561098-UF-VP561101); lateral teeth (Z-GG, UF-VP561102-UF-VP561103). Orientations = occlusal: A, D, G, L, P, T, X, BB, FF; lateral: B, E, H; basal: C, F, I, M, Q, U, Y, CC, GG; lingual: J, N, R, V, Z, DD; labial: K, O, S, W, AA, EE. All scale bars = 1 cm.
FIGURE 20. Myliobatiform teeth from the Peace River and Tamiami formations on the shallow Venice, Florida continental shelf. A-BB, Myliobatis sp. median teeth (A-L; UF-VP561105-UF-VP561107), lateral teeth (M-X; UF-VP561109-UF-VP561111), and partial pavement plate (Y-BB; UF-VP561104). CC-GG, Aetobatus cf. A. narinari lower pavement tooth (UF-VP561113). Orientations = lingual: A, E, I, M, Q, U; AA, CC; labial: B, F, J, N, R, V; BB, DD; lateral: EE; occlusal: C, G, K, O, S, W, Y, FF; basal: D, H, C, P, T, X, Z, GG. Scale bars: A-P = 5 mm; Q-X = 2 mm; Y-GG = 10 mm.
