TABLE 1. Measurements for mylagaulid premolars in mm.
Specimen | Length | Width | W/L Ratio | Crown Height |
TMM 31132-143 (P4) | 7.75 | 4.88 | 0.63 | 9.70 |
TMM 31170-67 (P4) | 7.83 | 4.70 | 0.60 | 9.70 |
TMM 31132-120 (p4) | 7.85 | 4.42 | 0.56 | 9.41 |
TABLE 2. Measurements for cf. Eucyon sp. (TMM31081-1255) in mm.
Tooth | Length | Width |
P4 | 17.5 | 8.4 |
M1 | 11.7 | 14.0 |
M2 | 6.4 | 10.9 |
TABLE 3. Measurements for Leptocyon vafer (TMM30896-241) in mm.
Tooth | Length | Width |
p2 | 6.1 | 2.2 |
p3 | 7.2 | 2.9 |
p4 | 8.0 | 3.5 |
m1 | 12.9 | 4.9 |
m2 | 6.3 | 4.0 |
TABLE 4. Average molar dimensions for Blancotherium buckneri. (Dimensions in mm followed by number of specimens measured in parentheses.)
Tooth | Mean (n) | Range |
m1 length | 88 (3) | 82-98 |
m1 width | 52 (3) | 49-55 |
m2 length | 119 (8) | 93-134 |
m2 width | 66 (8) | 62-71 |
m3 length | 193 (11) | 170-215 |
m3 width | 85 (10) | 74-91 |
Dentary depth below m2 | 160 (6) | 140-194 |
M1 length | 92 (3) | 85-99 |
M1 width | 58 (3) | 52-67 |
M2 length | 114 (5) | 100-132 |
M2 width | 72 (5) | 58-85 |
M3 length | 196 (9) | 188-205 |
M3 width | 95 (9) | 91-102 |
M3 unworn crown height | 77 (4) | 74-84 |
TABLE 5. Dimensions of selected post-cranial elements of Blancotherium buckneri in mm.
Humerus | Length | Proximal Width | Distal Width | |
30896-254 | 935 | 285 | 265 | |
30896-90 | 910 | 285 | 235 | |
30896-232 | 920 | 320 | 290 | |
30896-218 | - | - | 262 | |
Mean | 921.7 | 296.7 | 263 | |
Femur | Length | Proximal Width | Distal Width | Mid-shaft Width |
30896-285 | 800 | - | 175 | 122 |
30896-85 | 1114 | 564 | 233 | 155 |
30896-242 | 815 | - | - | 150 |
30896-655 | 1090 | 425 | 235 | 150 |
30896-260 | 1190 | 359 | 233 | - |
Mean | 1003.8 | - | - | - |
Tibia | Length | Proximal Width | Distal Width | Mid-shaft Width |
30896-197 | 620 | 250 | 160 | 100 |
30896-532 | 630 | - | - | 110 |
30896-210 | 620 | 220 | 180 | 100 |
30896-250 | 590 | 230 | 180 | 110 |
Mean | 615 | 233.3 | 173.3 | 105 |
TABLE 6. Measurements for Ustatochoerus cf. medius (TMM31081-685) in mm.
Tooth | Length | Width |
C | 8.2 | 5.4 |
P1 | 9.9 | 6.5 |
P2 | 13.2 | 17.4 |
P3 | 13.8 | 12.1 |
P4 | 11.6 | 13.0 |
M1 | 15.1 | 17.6 |
M2 | 21.6 | 20.2 |
M3 | 32 | 21 |
TABLE 7. Measurements for Synthetoceras tricornatus, isolated molars in mm.
Specimen | Tooth | Length | Width |
TMM 30936-20 | M1 | 22.0 | 21.6 |
TMM 31081-1416 | M2? | 24.0 | 19.9 |
TMM 30936-280 | M2 | 27.3 | 25.4 |
TMM 31132-563 | M2 | 29.2 | 25.7 |
TMM 31081-1471 | M2 | 25.9 | 21.0 |
TMM 30936-214 | M3 | 29.2 | 24.7 |
TMM 30936-413 | m | 18.7 | 12.0 |
TMM 30936-116 | m | 14.8 | 8.6 |
TMM 30936-115 | m | 19.3 | 11.8 |
TMM 31170-84 | m3 | 38.1 | 16.0 |
TABLE 8. Measurements for Procamelus occidentalis, in mm, lower tooth series.
Tooth | TMM 31081-738 | TMM 30896-475 | TMM 31170-63 |
p4 | 14.8 x 7.5 | 14.3 x 7.5 | - |
m1 | - | 20.0 x 12.3 | - |
m2 | 23.5 x 14.8 | 23.6 x 13.0 | 22.7 x 13.0 |
m3 | 36.4 x 14.6 | 34.0 x 13.8 | 30.2 x 12.5 |
TABLE 9. Measurements for Procamelus grandis in mm, lower tooth series.
Tooth | TMM 30896-531 | TMM 31081-429 | TMM 31081-689 |
dp4 | - | - | 30.4 x 11.5 |
p4 | 20.0 x 8.0 | - | - |
m1 | 25.7 x - | ~30.4 x 14.6 | 32.2 x 13.6 |
m2 | 33.8 x 17.6 | 29.3 x 15.1 | 38.9 x 13.4 |
m3 | 46 x 16.8 | 44.4 x 13.1 | - |
TABLE 10. Measurements for Protolabis cf. yavapaiensis, lower tooth series, length x width in mm.
Tooth | TMM 31081-28 | TMM 30896-296 |
p4 | 12.5 x 7.6 | - |
m1 | 16.8 x 11.4 | 18.3 x 10.3 |
m2 | 21.3 x 12.4 | 21.6 x 10.2 |
TABLE 11. Measurements for “Prosthennops” xiphidonticus cheek teeth in mm.
Tooth | Length x Width Range |
p3 | 10.1-10.3 x 5.6-6.1 |
p4 | 12.1-12.8 x 9.8-10.0 |
m1 | 13.3-14.5 x 10.0-11.3 |
m2 | 15.9-17.8 x 12.0-14.3 |
m3 | 21.0-22.8 x 11.5-13.7 |
TABLE 12. Measurements for Teleoceras major upper cheek teeth and skull elements in mm. Ranges are shown for material from Farish Ranch Local Fauna.
Farish Ranch | Bridge Ranch | Ten Mile Waterhole Creek | Buckner Ranch | |
P2-M3 length | 244-274 | - | - | - |
M1-M3 length | 141-180 | - | - | - |
P2 length | 30-34.6 | 29 | 30.4 | - |
P2 width | 30-38 | 33.4 | 34.2 | - |
P3 length | 30.3-43 | 35.4 | - | - |
P3 width | 42.8-51 | 45.4 | - | - |
P4 length | 41.1-51.4 | - | - | - |
P4 width | 55-61 | - | - | - |
M1 length | 47.3-60 | - | - | - |
M1 width | 56.9-64.7 | - | - | - |
M2 length | 53.4-72 | - | - | - |
M2 width | 54.3-68 | - | - | - |
M3 length | 49-65.6 | - | - | - |
M3 width | 46-60.7 | - | - | - |
Occipital height | 167-180 | - | - | - |
Lambdoid Crest width | 189-218 | - | - | - |
Nasals to Crest length | 420 | - | - | - |
P2 to Occipital length | 454 | - | - | - |
Maximum Zygomatic width | 254-345 | - | - | - |
TABLE 13. Measurements for Teleoceras major lower cheek teeth and mandibles in mm. Ranges are shown for material from Farish Ranch Local Fauna.
Farish Ranch | Bridge Ranch | Ten Mile Waterhole Creek | Buckner Ranch | |
m1-m3 length | 143.2-155 | - | - | - |
p3-m3 length | 210-232 | - | - | - |
p3 length | 24-38.1 | - | 24 | 25.9 |
p3 width | 16-27 | - | 15 | 16 |
p4 length | 37-47 | 45.9 | 43.7 | 45.2 |
p4 width | 20-32.9 | 22.9 | 25.4 | 19.6 |
m1 length | 43-50 | - | - | 50.5 |
m1 width | 21-36 | - | - | 24 |
m2 length | 50-56 | - | 50 | - |
m2 width | 22.5-33 | - | 26.7 | - |
m3 length | 53.2-60 | 55 | 54 | - |
m3 width | 26-31.4 | 26 | 29.4 | - |
Dentary depth (maximum) | 63-101 | - | - | 69.5 |
TABLE 14. Measurements for Teleoceras major post-cranial material in mm. Ranges are shown for material from Farish Ranch Local Fauna.
Farish Ranch | Bridge Ranch | Ten Mile Waterhole Creek | Buckner Ranch | |
Atlas width | 117-133 | - | - | 127.6 |
Femur length | 366-410 | - | - | - |
Femur distal width | 98-124 | - | - | - |
Tibia length | 224-245 | - | 235 | - |
Tibia distal width | 64-80 | - | 71 | - |
Humerus length | 275-355 | - | - | 310 |
Humerus distal width | 78-105 | - | - | 90 |
Radius length | 228-255 | - | - | - |
Radius distal width | 72-88 | - | - | - |
Ulna length | 303-331 | - | - | - |
TABLE 15. Measurements for Pseudhipparion curtivallum lower cheek teeth in mm.
Specimen | Tooth | Length | Width |
TMM 31132-250 | p2 | 16.2 | 8.4 |
p3 | 16.8 | 9.8 | |
p4 | 17.6 | 9.0 | |
m1 | 15.7 | 7.7 | |
m2 | 17.1 | 6.6 | |
m3 | 14.4 | 5.5 | |
TMM 30896-196 | p4 | 18.3 | 8.8 |
m1 | 17.8 | 7.7 | |
m2 | 18.5 | 6.5 |
TABLE 16. Measurements for Nannippus sp. lower cheek teeth in mm from partial mandibles (TMM31081-16, TMM31081-27, TMM31081-735, TMM31081-303, TMM31081-675).
Tooth | Mean length (range) |
Mean width (range) |
p2 | 19.1 (17.5-20.2) | 9.7 (8.9-10.6) |
p3 | 18.7 (17.0-19.5) | 10.0 (9.5-10.5) |
p4 | 18.2 (17.5-19.3) | 9.5 (8.9-10.1) |
m1 | 18.0 (16.8-19.0) | 8.1 (7.6-9.1) |
m2 | 18.6 (17.7-19.7) | 8.0 (7.4-8.7) |
m3 | 19.4 (18.4-20.7) | 6.7 (6.2-7.4) |
TABLE 17. Measurements for Hipparion tehonense upper cheek teeth in mm. All data are from Bridge Ranch (TMM31170).
Tooth | Length Range | Width Range | PL Range | PW Range |
P3/P4 | 17.6-19.3 | 16.0-20.7 | 6.3-6.5 | 3.2-4.6 |
M1/M2 | 16.7-21.5 | 17.3-20.8 | 6.0-8.2 | 2.9-3.4 |
M3 | 18.4-18.9 | 15.5-16.0 | 5.3-6.0 | 3.0-3.2 |
TABLE 18. Measurements for Cormohipparion occidentale in mm.
Tooth | Length Range | Width Range |
P2 | 26.6-29.3 | 18.3-20.4 |
P3 | 22.9-23.6 | 21.0-22.2 |
P4 | 21.7-24.2 | 19.9-23.0 |
M1 | 18.3-22.8 | 18.0-21.3 |
M2 | 20.3-24.2 | 18.2-21.5 |
M3 | 19.3-22.0 | 13.5-18.7 |
p2 | 23.8-24.3 | 10.4-12.1 |
p3 | 22.0-24.4 | 11.3-12.9 |
p4 | 21.7-23.7 | 10.4-12.3 |
m1 | 21.1-22.6 | 9.4-10.5 |
m2 | 21.2-23.8 | 8.8-10.1 |
m3 | 23.3-23.4 | 8.4-8.9 |
TABLE 19. Measurements for Calippus placidus upper cheek teeth in mm from TMM30896-528.
Tooth | Length | Width | PL | PW | MCH |
P2 | 18.6 | 14.4 | 5.3 | 3.8 | 23.8 |
P3 | 17.3 | 16.2 | 5.7 | 3.7 | 28.5 |
P4 | 16.5 | 15.9 | 5.6 | 3.8 | 30.3 |
M1 | 14.6 | 15.4 | 5.9 | 3.7 | 24.7 |
M2 | 15.9 | 14.5 | 6.2 | 3.5 | 28.6 |
M3 | 15.6 | 13.1 | 7.1 | 3.1 | 31.7 |
TABLE 20. Measurements for Calippus martini upper cheek teeth in mm (TMM30896-127).
Tooth | Length | Width | MCH | PL | PW |
P2 | 24.9 | 19.2 | 26.6 | - | - |
P3 | 21.4 | 21.2 | 32.9 | 6.9 | 3.7 |
P4 | 20.0 | 21.5 | 39.8 | 6.9 | 4.0 |
M1 | 18.7 | 21.5 | 31.3 | 7.0 | 4.0 |
M2 | 20.4 | 20.4 | 37.2 | 7.1 | 3.7 |
TABLE 21. Comparison of local faunas using Pickford and Simpson Indices (de Bonis et al., 1992).
Compared local faunas | Pickford Index (Distance) |
Simpson Index (Similarity) |
Ten Mile Waterhole Creek: Bridge Ranch | 3.38 | 88.89 |
Ten Mile Waterhole Creek: Farish Ranch | 6.84 | 77.78 |
Ten Mile Waterhole Creek: Buckner Ranch | 18.42 | 55.56 |
Bridge Ranch: Farish Ranch | 6.69 | 78.26 |
Bridge Ranch: Buckner Ranch | 8.01 | 73.68 |
Farish Ranch: Buckner Ranch | 8.90 | 78.94 |