Mammal humeri across the K/Pg: Tables

TABLE 1. Measurements taken on distal humeri in this study. Columns (from left to right) are: measurements (abbreviation and name); measurement description; taxon of study; and source reference for each measurement. We took the following measurements (Figure 2) on all multituberculate and therian specimens, contingent upon specimen completeness (see Table 2). The anatomical view from which the measurement was taken is indicated in parentheses in the description, as it relates to either multituberculate (Mu) or therian (Th) humeri, see text for more details. Measurements are identical to those in the indicated sources, with the following exceptions: our measurement TDW is ‘BW’ of Szalay and Dagosto (1980) and measurement 5 of Argot (2001); NCW is measurement 6 of Argot (2001) and ‘EEC’ of Boyer et al. (2010); TLW is ‘TLE’ of Szalay and Dagosto (1980); measurements TD and CD are modified from Szalay and Dagosto (1980) and Boyer et al. (2010). Multituberculate measurements lacking references are based on the structurally (but not necessarily functional) analogous measurement for therian humeri (see Figure 2).

TABLE 2. Linear measurements of multituberculate distal humeri specimens. See Table 1 for measurement descriptions; all measurements on multituberculate humeri are taken in ventral view except for RCD and UCD, which are taken in distal view. All measurements are in millimeters. Abbreviations: Fm, Formation; HC, Hell Creek Formation; La, Lancian Biozone; Lan, Lance Formation; Morph., Morphotype; Pu1, Puercan 1 Biozone; Pu3, Puercan 3 Biozone; Tu, Tullock Formation. Asterisks indicate minimum size values, where preserved morphology was measured but the full measurement was not possible, due to specimen breakage; “-” indicates specimen was too broken for measurement; “?” indicates more tentative assignment to morphotype, due to specimen breakage. Locality numbers follow the system of each institution; those beginning with “V” are UCMP localities; those beginning with “C” are UWBM localities (see Appendix 1 for additional locality details).

TABLE 3. Linear measurements of therian distal humeri specimens. See Table 1 for measurement descriptions; all measurements on therian humeri are taken in anterior view except for CD and TD, which are taken in distal view . All measurements are in millimeters. Abbreviations: Fm, Formation; HC, Hell Creek Formation; La, Lancian Biozone; Morph., Morphotype; Pu1, Puercan 1 Biozone; Pu3, Puercan 3 Biozone; Tu, Tullock Formation. Asterisks indicate minimum size values, where preserved morphology was measured but the full measurement was not possible, due to specimen breakage; “-” indicates specimen was broken; “?” indicates more tentative assignment to morphotype; “‡” indicates specimen was used in 2D GM locomotor analyses.Locality numbers follow the system of each institution: those beginning with “V” are UCMP localities; those beginning with “C” are UWBM localities (see Appendix 1 for additional locality details). Five additional specimens from the BCA biozone (UCMP 151945, 151965, 151983, and 151984 from loc. V65127, and UCMP 174429 from loc. V70209) are tentatively attributed to EuD but are not listed below as they lack preservation sufficient for measurement, see text for more details.

TABLE 4. Modern mammalian specimens used in geometric morphometrics analyses. Species list and locomotor references are modified from Chen and Wilson 2015; see text for more details. All specimens are from the UWBM except for those with specimen numbers A2001 and S2008, which are taken from images of specimens in distal view in Argot (2001, figure 8) and Salton and Sargis (2008, figure 4.10), respectively. Code number assigned (and table sorted) as follows: clade, order, family, and locomotor mode. Locomotor mode abbreviations are as follows: A, arboreal; F, fossorial; G, gliding; S, saltatorial; Sa, semiaquatic; Sc, scansorial; Sf, semifossorial; T, terrestrial. Other abbreviations: F, female; LM, locomotor mode; M, male; Spec., specimen number; U, sex unknown.

TABLE 5. Landmark number, location, type, and source reference for two-dimensional geometric morphometrics (2D GM) points on therian distal humeri. All points were digitized on distal images of specimens; see Figure 3 for more details. Numbers in parentheses are the landmark number for the point within the referenced source. Abbreviations: LM, landmark; Type, landmark type according to Zelditch et al. 2004.