TABLE 1. Ground control point measurements for Bonebed 190 Amphitheatre area mapping project. All coordinates in WGS84 horizontal datum, EGM96 geoid. X, Y, and Z errors refer to positional accuracy of SXBlue II + GNSS receiver used in the field.
| Date | GCP No. | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation (m) |
X/Y error (m) |
Z error (m) |
| 2021-08-21 | 21-1 | 50.76065238 | -111.3940977 | 688.68 | 0.6 | 1.2 |
| 2021-08-21 | 21-2 | 50.7606319 | -111.3947881 | 688.38 | 0.6 | 1.2 |
| 2021-08-21 | 21-3 | 50.75978285 | -111.3940391 | 689.56 | 0.6 | 1.2 |
| 2021-08-21 | 21-4 | 50.75942865 | -111.3933062 | 686.38 | 0.6 | 1.2 |
| 2021-08-21 | 21-5 | 50.75931225 | -111.39224 | 687.28 | 0.6 | 1.2 |
| 2021-08-21 | 21-6 | 50.76023237 | -111.3931835 | 688.35 | 0.6 | 1.2 |
| 2022-08-14 | 14-1 | 50.761436 | -111.391109 | 688.0 | 0.586 | 1.171 |
| 2022-08-14 | 14-2 | 50.761691 | -111.391974 | 687.2 | 0.491 | 0.981 |
| 2022-08-14 | 14-3 | 50.762264 | -111.393195 | 689.753 | 0.502 | 1.003 |
| 2022-08-14 | 14-4 | 50.762137 | -111.394635 | 643.533 | 0.512 | 1.024 |
| 2022-08-14 | 14-5 | 50.761586 | -111.39341 | 646.526 | 0.543 | 1.085 |
| 2022-08-14 | 14-6 | 50.761201 | -111.392262 | 652.601 | 0.632 | 1.264 |
TABLE 2. Coordinates for BB190 fossil specimens, quarry stakes and nearby formational contacts. Coordinates recorded with WGS84 / UTM zone 12N projected coordinate system, except if recorded with SXBlue II + GNSS receiver (originally in decimal degrees then transformed to facilitate comparisons here); vertical coordinates using EGM96 geoid. Ortho relocation means that specimen location was never recorded with GPS, instead its quarry was relocated on the orthomosaic. Abbreviations: DEM, digital elevation model; DGPS, differential GPS receiver; MASL, metres above sea level; OF-DPF, Oldman-Dinosaur Park Formation contact; SD, standard deviation. All relative elevations (heights) calculated from Z coordinates extracted from DEM generated for this study; features marked in bold used as check points to measure root mean square error of BB190 DEM generated for this study.
| Feature | Locality | Measurement year; method |
Easting (mE) |
Northing (mN) |
GPS elev. ± Z error (MASL) |
BB190 DEM elev ± 1.09 (MASL) |
Mean height Contacts 160;162 ± SD 1.89 (m) |
Mean height 10 nearby OF-DPF contacts ± SD 1.94 (m) |
Mean height 11 distant OF-DPF contacts ± SD 2.95 (m) |
Height Rhythm 4 ± 2.18 (m) |
| BB190 | BB190 (Original) |
2002; DGPS | 472379 | 5623176 | 687.7 ± 0.1 | 686.6 | 24.32 | 26.92 | 26.85 | NA |
| BB190A stake | BB190A | 2018; Garmin | 472246 | 5623249 | 689 ± 5 | 687.7 | 25.45 | 28.06 | 27.99 | 0.16 |
| Ceratopsid pubis | BB190B (stake) |
2023; Garmin | 472232 | 5623289 | 687 ± 3 | 688.0 | 25.77 | 28.37 | 28.30 | 0.50 |
| Centrosaurine nasal horn core | BB190C (stake) |
2022; SX Blue | 472197 | 5623282 | 688.2 ± 1.1 | 688.8 | 26.58 | 29.18 | 29.11 | 0.44 |
| Hadrosaurid maxilla | BB303 (stake) |
2022; SX Blue | 472236 | 5623173 | 688 ± 0.6 | 687.9 | 25.67 | 28.27 | 28.20 | 0.85 |
| Microsite 2018 | BB190 (Original) |
2018; Garmin | 472389 | 5623173 | 684 ± 5 | 685.9 | 23.67 | 26.27 | 26.20 | 0.66 |
| Microsite 2019 | BB190 (Original) |
2019; Garmin | 472378 | 5623183 | 684 ± 5 | 685.8 | 23.51 | 26.11 | 26.05 | -0.01 |
| Quarry A NW stake | BB190A | 2023; ortho | 472237.85 | 5623253.05 | NA | 687.9 | 25.65 | 28.25 | 28.18 | NA |
| Quarry A SE stake | BB190A | 2023; ortho | 472247.7 | 5623247.5 | NA | 687.6 | 25.35 | 27.95 | 27.88 | NA |
| Quarry B NW stake | BB190B | 2021; Garmin | 472221.8 | 5623296.8 | 682.25 ± 5 | 688.8 | 26.55 | 29.15 | 29.08 | NA |
| Quarry B SE stake | BB190B | 2021; Garmin | 472227 | 5623293.2 | NA | 688.7 | 26.45 | 29.05 | 28.98 | NA |
| Centrosaurine squamosal | BB190 (other) |
2018; Garmin | 472160 | 5623186 | 685 ± 5 | 688.4 | 26.15 | 28.75 | 28.68 | 1.45 |
| Ceratopsid ilium | BB190A | 2021; Garmin | 472242.89 | 5623241.03 | 681.64 ± 5 | 688.2 | 25.92 | 28.52 | 28.45 | 0.76 |
| Ceratopsid skull element | BB190C | 2019; Garmin | 472202 | 5623283 | 690 ± 5 | 688.6 | 26.33 | 28.93 | 28.86 | 0.39 |
| Hadrosaurid humerus | BB303 | 2022; ortho; armin | 472239 | 5623173 | NA | 688.2 | 25.97 | 28.57 | 28.50 | 1.15 |
| Hadrosaurid maxilla fragment | BB190 (other) |
2023; Garmin | 472500 | 5623158 | 695 ± 4 | 692.1 | 29.82 | 32.43 | 32.36 | 9.94 |
| Hadrosaurid braincase | BB303 | 2022; SX Blue | 472242 | 5623171 | 688 ± 0.8 | 688.5 | 26.25 | 28.85 | 28.79 | 1.43 |
| Hadrosaurid left dentary | BB190 (other) |
2023; Garmin | 472432 | 5623210 | 695 ± 3 | 691.7 | 29.43 | 32.03 | 31.96 | 8.24 |
| Hadrosaurid sternal plate | BB190 (other) |
2018; Garmin | 472201 | 5623182 | 685 ± 5 | 690.0 | 27.78 | 30.38 | 30.31 | 1.31 |
| Hadrosaurid femur | BB190 (other) |
2019; ortho; Garmin | 472207.8 | 5623186.9 | NA | 688.7 | 26.49 | 29.09 | 29.02 | 0.72 |
| Hadrosaurid tibia | BB190A | 2022; Garmin | 472283 | 5623249 | 686 ± 5 | 688.1 | 25.84 | 28.44 | 28.37 | 0.34 |
| Subadult hadrosaurid tibia | BB190 (other) |
2019; Garmin | 472336 | 5623133 | 686 ± 5 | 687.2 | 24.97 | 27.57 | 27.50 | 2.35 |
| Hadrosaurid foot bones | BB190B | 2021; Garmin | 472226.2 | 5623283.5 | 688.12 ± 5 | 689.3 | 27.04 | 29.64 | 29.57 | 1.77 |
| Hadrosaurid metatarsal | BB190C | 2022; SX Blue | 472199 | 5623268 | 689 ± 1.2 | 689.7 | 27.40 | 30.01 | 29.94 | 1.32 |
| Juvenile hadrosaurid dentary | BB190 (other) |
2018; Garmin | 472270 | 5623152 | 685 ± 5 | 687.6 | 25.37 | 27.97 | 27.90 | 1.52 |
| Ornithomimid ischium | BB190C | 2019; Garmin | 472203 | 5623287 | 690 ± 5 | 689.0 | 25.84 | 28.44 | 28.37 | -0.10 |
| Ornithomimid humerus | BB190B | 2022; Garmin | 472229 | 5623295 | 685 ± 5 | 688.3 | 26.01 | 28.61 | 28.54 | 0.63 |
| Tyrannosaurid nasals | BB190 (other) |
2023; Garmin | 472288 | 5623182 | 688 ± 3 | 689.9 | 27.62 | 30.22 | 30.15 | 1.62 |
| Tyrannosaurid dentary | BB190 (Original) |
2022; ortho | 472372.4 | 5623193.5 | NA | 686.5 | 24.25 | 26.85 | 26.78 | 0.06 |
| Troodontid metatarsal | BB190A | 2022; SX Blue | 472270 | 5623237 | 686 ± 0.8 | 687.6 | 25.33 | 27.93 | 27.86 | 0.36 |
| Theropod tarsal element | BB190 (other) |
2023; Garmin | 472231 | 5623160 | 691 ± 2 | 688.5 | 26.31 | 28.90 | 28.83 | 0.83 |
| Ornithischian long bone fragment (not collected) | BB190 (other) | 2018; Garmin | 472253 | 5623230 | NA | 689.9 | 27.64 | 30.24 | 30.17 | NA |
| Contact 160 | NA | 1999-2003; DGPS | 472186.859 | 5623651.467 | 663. ± 0.1 | 660.9 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Contact 162 | NA | 1999-2003; DGPS | 471847.626 | 5623372.669 | 663.2 ± 0.1 | 663.6 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
TABLE 3. Descriptive statistics including standard deviation (σ) and variance (σ2) for Oldman-Dinosaur Park Formation (ODPF) contact and other architectural unit contacts identified in and around Bonebed 190 Amphitheatre area. Contacts marked in bold were analyzed with digital elevation model (DEM) including entire extent of Dinosaur Provincial Park, provided by Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology (RMSE ±1.72 m); other contacts analyzed with DEM generated during this study (RMSE ±1.09 m). Elevation range uncertainties are 2*RMSE.
| Contact | N sampled points | Elevation (m) | |||||
| Min | Max | Range | Mean | σ | σ2 | ||
| OF-DPF (BB190 area, one coulee)* |
132 | 654.70 | 663.06 | 8.36 ± 2.18 | 660.12 | 1.95 | 3.81 |
| OF-DPF (BB190 coulee, N slope) |
59 | 656.23 | 662.56 | 6.33 ± 2.18 | 659.79 | 1.52 | 2.30 |
| OF-DPF (BB190 coulee, S slope) |
73 | 654.70 | 663.06 | 8.36 ± 2.18 | 660.38 | 2.22 | 4.92 |
| OF-DPF (entire BB190 area) | 182 | 653.15 | 664.67 | 11.52 ± 3.44 | 658.64 | 2.47 | 6.08 |
| OF-DPF (DPP right bank) | 10 | 655.56 | 663.48 | 7.92 ± 3.44 | 659.46 | 2.66 | 7.05 |
| OF-DPF (public loop road) | 48 | 648.21 | 659.72 | 11.51 ± 3.44 | 654.28 | 2.88 | 8.31 |
| Rhythm 1 (incl. OF-DPF) |
359 | 651.44 | 664.33 | 12.89 ± 2.18 | 659.61 | 2.40 | 5.75 |
| Rhythm 2 | 366 | 660.25 | 670.33 | 10.08 ± 2.18 | 666.01 | 2.49 | 6.20 |
| Rhythm 3 | 468 | 666.18 | 678.83 | 12.65 ± 2.18 | 674.05 | 2.68 | 7.19 |
| Rhythm 3 (MUD3) | 690 | 672.29 | 684.46 | 12.17 ± 2.18 | 680.66 | 2.22 | 4.91 |
| Rhythm 4 | 753 | 679.79 | 689.92 | 10.13 ± 2.18 | 685.68 | 2.24 | 5.00 |
*BB190 Amphitheatre area coulee corresponds to area within black inset in Figure 3.
TABLE 4. Architectural unit depths digitally measured at 20 sections of the BB190 Amphitheatre area based on a high-resolution version of a digital outcrop model (DOM) generated as an Agisoft tiled model through structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry (see Appendix 1). Numbers marked in bold indicate minimum and maximum depths measured.
| Section | Channel cut-and-fill rhythm depth ± internal error (m) | ||||
| Rhythm 1 | Rhythm 2 | Rhythm 3 | Mudstone 3 | Rhythm 4 | |
| 1 | 8.44 ± 0.58 | 7.00 ± 0.44 | 11.65 ± 0.08 | 4.24 ± 0.08 | NA |
| 2 | 10.33 ± 0.42 | 8.70 ± 0.05 | 10.80 ± 0.11 | 5.69 ± 0.11 | NA |
| 3 | 7.55 ± 0.03 | 8.80 ± 0.02 | 12.24 ± 0.05 | 6.49 ± 0.06 | NA |
| 4 | 8.04 ± 0.05 | 8.05 ± 0.08 | 11.00 ± 0.06 | 4.26 ± 0.03 | NA |
| 5 | 11.54 ± 0.59 | 9.13 ± 0.06 | 11.62 ± 0.09 | 5.68 ± 0.07 | NA |
| 6 | 5.60 ± 0.02 | 10.71 ± 0.01 | 12.82 ± 0.05 | 5.93 ± 0.07 | NA |
| 7 | 5.80 ± 0.06 | 8.44 ± 0.32 | 12.18 ± 0.31 | 5.52 ± 0.06 | NA |
| 8 | 6.45 ± 0.02 | 10.23 ± 0.04 | 9.90 ± 0.03 | 4.57 ± 0.07 | NA |
| 9 | 10.02 ± 0.05 7.22 ± 0.07 |
6.03 ± 0.41 5.20 ± 0.42 |
13.58 ± 0.43 | 5.48 ± 0.39 | NA |
| 10 | 7.55 ± 0.03 | 8.95 ± 0.59 | 14.94 ± 0.64 | 6.93 ± 0.93 | NA |
| 11 | NA | 7.52 ± 0.10 | 10.97 ± 0.003 | 3.78 ± 0.06 | NA |
| 12 | NA | 7.50 ± 0.11 | 11.53 ± 0.11 | 4.37 ± 0.05 | NA |
| 13 | NA | 8.18 ± 0.96 | 10.73 ± 0.82 | 4.35 ± 0.32 | NA |
| 14 | NA | 5.94 ± 0.40 | 12.45 ± 1.09 | 5.55 ± 0.71 | NA |
| 15 | NA | 6.95 ± 0.14 | 14.37 ± 0.13 | 5.54 ± 0.12 | NA |
| 16 | NA | 7.90 ± 0.04 | 11.78 ± 0.04 | 4.99 ± 0.03 | NA |
| 17 | NA | NA | NA | 4.14 ± 0.04 | 14.49 ± 0.08 |
| 18 | NA | NA | NA | 4.55 ± 0.18 | 14.29 ± 0.09 |
| 19 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 13.09 ± 0.28 |
| 20 | 10.24 ± 0.03 | 4.99 ± 0.04 | 12.23 ± 0.08 | 4.09 ± 0.09 | NA |
