Rogueus belgodereae, a new raninoid crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Raninoidea) from the Upper Palaeocene (Thanetian) of Southern France, with comments on early palaeocene decapod crustacean faunules
Article number: 26.3.a45
https://doi.org/10.26879/1269
Copyright Paleontological Society, November 2023
Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Fossil Decapod Crustaceans
Author biographies
Plain-language and multi-lingual abstracts
PDF version
Submission: 15 January 2023. Acceptance: 2 October 2023.
ABSTRACT
Palaeocene crabs are rare globally; crab faunules of this period are mostly described from reefal environments, and little is reported about non-reefal environments. A new raninoid crab is described and formally named from Thanetian (upper Palaeocene) non-reefal deeper water deposits of Boussens, southern France. The new species is assigned to the genus Rogueus, from which only two species were previously known, and this new record suggests the genus was widespread in the European Palaeocene. A rich Palaeocene brachyuran assemblage of this locality is preliminarily presented and briefly discussed. It appears that eubrachyuran crabs dominated this palaeoenvironment. Based on the global fossil record, it appears that brachyuran crabs quickly recovered after the K/Pg extinction event and were able to restock both reefal and non-reefal environments, prior to the explosive diversification of decapods during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum.
Barry W.M. van Bakel. Oertijdmuseum, Bosscheweg 80, 5283 WB Boxtel, the Netherlands, and Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan, 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands. b.w.m.vanbakel@uu.nl
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0414-1041
Àlex Ossó. Llorenç de Villalonga, 17B, 1-1 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia. aosso@tinet.cat
http://orcid.org/000-0003-2528-9915
Dominique Téodori. 8 impasse de San Marino, 31140 Pechbonnieu, France. elasticjump@free.fr
Key words: Decapoda; Gymnopleura; Lyreididae; Palaeocene; France
Final citation: van Bakel, Barry W.M., Ossó, Àlex, and Téodori, Dominique. 2023. Rogueus belgodereae, a new raninoid crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Raninoidea) from the Upper Palaeocene (Thanetian) of Southern France, with comments on early palaeocene decapod crustacean faunules. Palaeontologia Electronica, 26(3):a45.
https://doi.org/10.26879/1269
palaeo-electronica.org/content/2023/3995-new-palaeocene-raninid-crab
Copyright: November 2023 Paleontological Society.
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INTRODUCTION
Palaeocene crabs including Thanetian crabs are particularly rare globally (Schweitzer and Feldmann, 2005). The hitherto most extensively known Palaeocene crustacean assemblages have been reported from the reefal environments of Fakse, Denmark (Jakobsen and Collins, 1997) and southern Sweden (Segerberg, 1900). Non-reefal Palaeocene localities have yielded a relatively rich decapod fauna in Texas, USA (e.g., Armstrong et al., 2009); Neuquén Basin, Argentina (e.g., Feldmann et al., 1995); Coahuila, Mexico (e.g., Martínez-Díaz et al., 2017) and West Greenland (Collins and Rasmussen, 1992).
In this paper, we preliminarily report a decapod assemblage, currently under study, recovered in Thanetian (upper Palaeocene) levels of the Lafarge quarry at Boussens (Haute Garonne, France) (Figure 1). This decapod assemblage shows a high diversity of brachyurans, in addition to some callianassid and ctenochelid decapods, and increases the number of Palaeocene brachyurans, especially with regards to non-reefal environments.
The first report of decapods of the Boussens locality was published by Van Straelen (1924), who described Litoricola macrodactyla (Van Straelen, 1924) (as Xanthilites macrodactylus), and Zanthopsis jacobi Van Straelen, 1924 from the “gres à Micraster tercensis ” in the banks of the Garonne River. However, presence of the latter from Thanetian levels and its specific assignment has been refuted (Ossó et al., 2023, p. 5). Also, Goret et al. (2013), made a brief overview of the Thanetian decapod fauna of Boussens.
The decapod assemblage of Boussens, with a total of about 13 different brachyurans, shows a clear pre-eminence of eubrachyuran crabs and appears dominated by morphotype 7 (Figure 1N, O; Figure 2F), and by Litoricola macrodactyla (Geryonidae Colosi, 1923) (Figure 1I, J; Figure 2D), both belonging to Eubrachyura. The former is morphologically reminiscent of the Ypresian Glyphithyreus almerai Artal and Van Bakel, 2018 (Panopeidae Ortmann, 1893), which is particularly abundant in the lower Ypresian Alveolina limestones of the nearby outcrops of Fontcouverte (Aude, France) (Plaziat and Secrétan, 1971; Artal and Van Bakel, 2018).
From the Boussens assemblage, we describe the raninid Rogueus belgodereae n. sp., the third global occurrence of the genus and the second Palaeocene record. We also provide herein a compilation of Palaeocene brachyuran crabs, with only the distinction of their higher systematic placement: Podotremata or Eubrachyura, and of their general palaeoenvironmental occurrence: reefal, or non-reefal (see Table 1). This compilation gives a global overview of the faunal composition in different environments, helps to understand the recovery of Brachyura during the Palaeocene after the K/Pg event and later the explosive diversification during the Early and Middle Eocene.
GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS
The specimen studied herein was collected by one of us (D.T.) in the currently inactive Lafarge quarry, near Boussens, in the municipality of Martres Tolosane, Haute Garonne department, Southern France; co-ordinates 43°11'21.3"N 0°57'46.9"E.
This area is locally called the “Small Pyrenees” and represents a pre-belt at the base of the high peaks of the Pyrenees. The geological unit, formed of anticlinal and synclinal structures folded in the direction of WNW-ESE, is made up of an alternation of sandstones, marls and limestones, which can reach more than 100 m of thickness. The unit is covered in the north by discordant molassic formations and in the south by the overlap of the Pyrenean chain. The Lafarge quarry exploits the marls and limestones of the Lower Thanetian to the Upper Thanetian, the Unit 2 of Tambareau et al. (1995, p. 379). The Small Pyrenean Thanetian corresponds to a period of transgressions open to the Atlantic environment, which favours an important marine faunal contribution. Five marine transgressions have been recorded in the region from the early Palaeocene to the early Eocene, one during the Danian (T1), three during the Thanetian (T2-T4), and one during the lower Ypresian (T5) (Tambareau et al., 1995, figure 2). The crab described in this paper was discovered in lower Thanetian deposits.
Five different levels were recognised in the lower Thanetian (Villatte, 1962; Paris, 1971). These are from the base to the top:
1 “Calcaires à Miliolidés et Echinanthus”
2 “Marnes gréseuses à moules internes de Mollusques”
3 “Calcaires à Miliolidés, Madréporaires et Mollusques”
4 “Grès à Echinanthus et Ostrea bellovacensis”
5 “Marnocalcaires gréseux à Operculina heberti, Orbitoclypeus seunesi et Micraster tercensis”
The uppermost level, level 5, yielded the crab specimens described in this paper; these were collected in 2015 by one of us (D.T.). The “ M. tercensis marly limestones”, reflects the second Thanetian transgression (T3) in the aforementioned Unit 2, and indicates an external carbonatic shelf, dated as Thanetian based on the benthic foraminifera associations of Operculina heberti - Orbitoclypeus seunesi, and Glomalveolina primaeva - Fallotella alavensis, which correspond to the G. primaeva biozone, correlated with the NP6-NP8 and P3-P4 planktonic zonations (Tambareau et al., 1995:, p. 379, figures 2, 3). The presence of Pycnodonte leymeriei Villatte, 1962 in these marly limestones of the M. tercensis complex, documents a deep-water deposit (Villatte, 1962). The studied specimens come from the base of this level, which is rich in echinoids (Micraster (Pseudogibbaster) tercensis (Cotteau, 1863), Hemiaster stella (Morton, 1830), Gauthieria pseudomagnifica (Cotteau, 1877), Dorocidaris bazerquei (Lambert, 1908), Hemiaster (Linthia?) canaliculatus Cotteau, 1856 and internal moulds of molluscs. This level also provides many remains of the brachyuran Litoricola macrodactyla (Van Straelen, 1924) and other crabs (Figure 2), preliminary reported in the present paper. Overlying levels corresponding to the third Thanetian transgression (T4), of Glomalveolina levis biozone, which also yielded some crabs (Figure 1K, Figure 2F; Tambareau et al., 1995, figure 2).
SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY
Institutional abbreviations for specimens referred to herein: MNHN.F = Collection de Paléontologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.
We follow the higher Brachyura classification scheme of Guinot et al. (2013, table 1), and Jagt et al. (2015, table 1), and the classification of the Gymnopleura of Van Bakel et al. (2012, table 1) and Van Bakel et al. (2021, figure 7).
Infraorder BRACHYURA Linnaeus, 1758
Section PODOTREMATA Guinot, 1977
Subsection GYMNOPLEURA Bourne, 1922
Superfamily RANINOIDEA De Haan, 1839
Family LYREIDIDAE Guinot, 1993
Subfamily LYREIDINAE Guinot, 1993
(=ROGUEINAE Karasawa, Schweitzer, Feldmann and Luque, 2014)
Genus ROGUEUS Berglund and Feldmann, 1989
Type species. Rogueus orri Berglund and Feldmann, 1989, by monotypy.
Species included. Rogueus orri, R. robustus Collins and Jakobsen, 1996, and R. belgodereae n. sp.
Remarks. Remarks on Rogueus, and on the type species Rogueus orri, were made by Van Bakel et al. (2012, p. 84, 85). These authors considered Rogueus an early member of the subfamily Lyreidinae and noted the similarity of the front with that of Marylyreidus Van Bakel, Guinot, Artal, Fraaije and Jagt, 2012.
Karasawa et al. (2014, p. 227) stated in their cladistic analysis that Rogueus lacked the ambiguous character of a well-developed outer orbital spine. We observe that the type species shows a distinct outer orbital spine (Berglund and Feldmann, 1989, figures. 2.1; 2.2) as well as the other two included species (see above). Also, Karasawa et al. (2014, p. 227) stated that Rogueus exhibits an autapomorphic character, namely an anterolateral spine with a subspine, and stated that therefore a new monogeneric subfamily should be erected for Rogueus. However, subspines are a commonly observed character in Raninoidea: in Amphoranina Nyborg, Pasini, Garassino, Van Bakel, Vega and Nyborg, 2020; Doraranina Gustafson, Nyborg and Van Bakel, 2019; Ranina Lamarck, 1801; Pseudorogueus Fraaye, 1995; Bicornisranina Nyborg and Fam, 2008; and Rogueus this character is present. The overall appearance of Bicornisranina and Pseudorogueus are similar to that of Rogueus, however, they are assigned to Raninoidinae Lőrenthey in Lőrenthey and Beurlen, 1929 (Nyborg and Fam, 2008; Van Bakel et al., 2012; Karasawa et al., 2014) based on the diagnosis of in particular the orbitofrontal margin.
The unique character set ascribed to the Rogueinae (“(...)wide fronto-orbital width, a bifid rostral tip, the lack of intra-orbital spines and orbital fissures, and possession of a lyreidine-like sternum”) are all plesiomorphic characters in the Lyreididae (Van Bakel et al., 2012, p. 75) and the genus fits well within Lyreidinae; therefore, we consider Rogueinae synonymous to Lyreidinae. Basal members of the Lyreidinae appear to have a wide orbitofrontal margin (Van Bakel et al. 2012), which accounts for Rogueus. Rogueus does not show a basal condition of the thoracic sternum as in Marylyreidinae; the anterior extensions of thoracic sternite 4 are well developed and connected to pterygostome (sternum/pterygostome junction).
Collins and Jakobsen (1995, p. 64) discussed that the earlier age of the Danish species suggested a European origin and subsequent westerly migration of the genus. The new material described herein is slightly younger than R. robustus from Denmark and suggests that the genus was widespread in Europe in the Palaeocene.
Rogueus belgodereae n. sp.
Figure 3A-C
zoobank.org/AF048BFB-6114-444C-BECC-662D65C4B05C
Etymology. Named after Valérie Belgodere (Pechbonnieu, France), who has supported the second author (D.T.) and his passion, for more than 30 years.
Diagnosis. Rogueus with short, stout anterolateral spines, a widened orbitofrontal m
argin with anterolaterally directed outer orbital spines, and smooth dorsal carapace surface.
Type. The holotype is MNHN.F.A88045, a well-preserved complete carapace with the cuticle preserved; maximum carapace length: 26.5 mm, maximum carapace width (including lateral spines): 19.5 mm, orbitofrontal width: 12.5 mm. Paratypes MNHN.F.A88046 and MNHN.F.A88047 represent partial carapaces with portions of cuticle preserved. All material comes from the Lafarge quarry, Martres Tolosane, Haute Garonne, France.
Description. Carapace of moderate size (length of holotype: 26.5 mm, width 19.5 mm), elongated, width 74% of length, outline subhexagonal, maximum width (excluding anterolateral spine) at approximately 43% of total carapace length from front; dorsal surface gently convex in transverse cross section, gently arched in longitudinal cross-section. Orbitofrontal width approximately 69% of maximum carapace width; front narrow, tip blunt, bifid; orbits large, horizontally orientated in dorsal view, supraorbital margin sinuous, with a single short, distinct notch, inner portion of orbital margin concave, outer part first convex, then concave towards prominent outer orbital spine, directed slightly outwards. Anterolateral margins short, rounded in cross section, short concave margin continuously curved into robust anterolateral spine, with broad basis, directed anteriorly and outwardly, anterior margin with anteriorly directed sub-spine. Margins posterior to the lateral spines diverging, straight or gently convex. Posterolateral margins long, smooth, gently sinuous, convergent. Posterior margin straight, narrow (approximately 28% maximum carapace width).
Dorsal regions undefined; cervical groove visible axially as arched scars; hepatic region weakly swollen, cardiac region large, wide, defined by crescent-shaped branchiocardiac grooves. Gastric pits minute, well separated.
Dorsal carapace surface appears overall smooth, exocuticle not preserved. Diminutive granules and pits present in frontal region and near base of anterolateral spine.
Remarks. Rogueus belgodereae n. sp. differs from the type of the genus, R. orri from the lower middle Eocene of southwestern Oregon, U.S.A., in having clearly shorter, more robust lateral spines (slenderer and more elongated in R. orri), a stronger, more laterally directed outer orbital spine, and a smoother, less pitted carapace surface microstructure. Rogueus robustus, from the middle Palaeocene of northern Sjaelland, Denmark, is readily distinguished from R. belgodereae n. sp. by the former clearly having elongated anterolateral spines, a longer anterolateral margin between the outer orbital spine and anterolateral spines, and clearly pitted carapace microstructure. The subdistal spine of the anterolateral spine is distally placed in R. orri and R. robustus, giving the elongated anterolateral spine a bifurcate appearance; because the anterolateral spine is so short in R. belgodereae n. sp. the subdistal spine is positioned halfway the anterolateral spine.
DISCUSSION
The Boussens assemblage presented herein is currently under study, and as preliminary results we recognize 13 different crab species. This means the assemblage constitutes one of the richest Palaeocene brachyuran faunas globally and significantly contributes to the knowledge of brachyurans during the Palaeocene.
Among this fauna, eight species are unquestionably eubrachyurans, and two are podotremes, whereas three of them have an unclear taxonomic placement at the moment.
This faunal composition reasserts the trend observed in the Palaeocene faunas (Schweitzer and Feldmann, 2015, figures 7B, C), in which the podotreme crabs dominated the reefal environments, in a broad sense, indistinctly of whether they are coral, coralgal or bryozoan environments, and the eubrachyuran crabs, in turn, dominated the non-reefal environments (Figure 4). Even though the age calibration of the Palaeocene fossil taxa is not always well documented, it appears that in the late Palaeocene the number of eubrachyuran taxa is higher than the podotremes, with which also concludes the extensive analysis of Schweitzer and Feldmann (2023). More research is needed to verify this observation.
Brachyuran crabs, like most forms of life, suffered the consequences of the K/Pg event (Schweitzer and Feldmann, 2023, p. 3, and references therein). However, based on the fossil record, it seems that they quickly recovered and were able to restock both reefal and non-reefal environments (e.g., Schweitzer and Feldmann, 2023, and references therein). Schweitzer and Feldmann (2005) discussed the decapod faunal turnover after the K/Pg event, and compiled data on families and genera that became extinct or survived, concluding that the decapods were one of the least affected groups by the K/Pg event.
Thus, despite the apparent low diversity of brachyuran families in Palaeocene times, it appears that they constituted a robust fauna that gave rise to the explosive evolutionary diversification of decapods during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum.
The scant knowledge of marine Palaeocene faunules globally hampers our vision of the brachyuran fauna of that time interval.
CONCLUSIONS
Rogueus belgodereae n. sp. constitutes the third member of this lyreidid crab genus, and the second record for Europe and the Palaeocene. The new species differs most significantly from the other members in having clearly shorter, more robust lateral spines. The crab specimens described in this study originate from the second Thanetian transgression. The genus Rogueus was used to erect a distinct subfamily, but we conclude that Rogueinae is synonymous to Lyreidinae.
Our comprehensive compilation of Palaeocene brachyuran crabs, shows a rapid recovery after the K/Pg extinction event. The Boussens decapod assemblage, still undergoing study, comes from a non-reefal environment, which is remarkable for the Palaeocene. Also, with 13 species, it represents one of the richest Palaeocene brachyuran faunas globally; a robust fauna that gave rise to the explosive evolutionary diversification of decapods during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. Eubrachyuran crabs dominate this fauna, a composition that differs from similar-aged reefal environments. The faunal assemblage of Boussens presented herein, enriches our knowledge of Palaeocene crustacean faunules.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
T. Nyborg (Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, U.S.A.) is thanked for comparative material of Rogueus orri and fruitful discussions on Raninoidinae. J.-M. Pacaud (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie; Paris, France) kindly provided museum registration numbers. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
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